houses and

οἰκία, ας, ἡ (Hdt.+)

① a structure used as a dwelling, house

ⓐ lit., as a building Mt 2:11; 7:24–27; 24:43; Mk 10:29f; 13:34; Lk 6:48f; 15:8; 18:29; J 12:3; Ac 10:6; 1 Cor 11:22; 1 Cl 12:6 al. W. ἀγρός Hs 1:4, 8; cp. Mt 19:29. W. χωρίον Ac 4:34. εἰς τ. οἰκίαν τινός Mt 8:14; 9:23; Mk 1:29; Lk 4:38; 7:44; 22:54. εἰς οἰκίαν τινός Ac 18:7. εἰς τὴν οἰκίαν into the house Lk 8:51; 10:38 v.l. (prob. the orig. rdg., reverentially omitted by some copyists: MdeJonge, NThT 34, 308 [against Metzger 153]; s. RBorger, TRu 52, ’87, 32f); 22:10; (go, come) home (Appian, Bell. Civ. 5, 68 §288; Jos., Vi. 144) Mt 9:28; 13:36; 17:25; AcPl Ha 4, 3; at home Mk 10:10. εἰς οἰκίαν into a house 6:10; 7:24; into your house 2J 10. ἐν τῇ οἰκίᾳ τινός Mk 2:15; 14:3; Lk 5:29; 7:37. ἐν οἰκίᾳ τινός (POxy 51, 13 ἐν οἰκίᾳ Ἐπαγαθοῦ) Mt 26:6; Ac 9:11; 10:32; ἐν τῇ οἰκίᾳ in the house J 8:35; 11:31; at home Mt 8:6; 9:10; Mk 9:33. ἐν οἰκίᾳ in a house or at home Lk 8:27. οἱ ἐν τῇ οἰκίᾳ those who are in the house Mt 5:15 (πάντες οἱ ἐν τ. οἰκ. as Dio Chrys. 64 [14], 7); cp. Ac 16:32. ὁ κύριος τῆς οἰκίας the master of the house Mk 13:35. ὁ οἰκοδεσπότης τῆς οἰκίας Lk 22:11. κατεσθίειν τὰς οἰκ. τῶν χηρῶν devour widow’s houses i.e., rob widows of their houses (and household goods; s. οἶκος 4) Mt 23:13 [14] v.l.; Mk 12:40; Lk 20:47 (Maximus Tyr. 14, 4e κείρειν [=devour] οἶκον βασιλέως). κατοικεῖν οἰκίας πηλίνας live in houses of clay 1 Cl 39:5 (Job 4:9).—KJäger, D. Bauernhaus in Palästina, m. Rücksicht auf d. bibl. Wohnhaus untersucht 1912; Dalman, Arbeit VII: D. Haus, Hühnerzucht, Taubenzucht, Bienenzucht ’42.

ⓑ in imagery, of the body as the habitation of the soul (cp. σαρκικὸς οἶκος ParJer 6:6) ἡ ἐπίγειος ἡμῶν οἰκ. τοῦ σκήνους the earthly tent we live in 2 Cor 5:1a. In contrast to this the glorified body is called οἰκία ἀχειροποίητος a dwelling not made with hands 2 Cor 5:1b.—S. on οἰκητήριον.—Of heaven as God’s dwelling-place (cp. Artem. 2, 68 p. 159, 13 ὁ οὐρανὸς θεῶν ἐστιν οἶκος; schol. on Aeschin. 2, 10: acc. to Timaeus, a woman dreamed that she had been snatched up into heaven and had seen there τὰς τῶν θεῶν οἰκήσεις; Sappho 1, 7 D.²: Aphrodite inhabits πατρὸς [Zeus’] δόμον.—Purely formal UPZ 18, 8 [163 B.C.] ἡ οἰκία τοῦ πατρὸς ἡμῶν) J 14:2 (difft. OSchaefer, ZNW 32, ’33, 210–17, against him Bultmann 464, 5).

② social unit within a dwelling, household, family (X., Mem. 2, 7, 6; Diod S 12, 14, 3; 13, 96, 3; PPetr II, 23 [4], 2 καταγράψας τὴν οἰκίαν τοῦ Ὥρου; Philo, Abr. 92; Jos., Ant. 17, 134) Mt 12:25 (w. πόλις, as Synes., Providence 1, 4 p. 9d); Mk 3:25 (w. βασιλεία). ἐπίστευσεν αὐτὸς καὶ ἡ οἰκ. αὐτοῦ ὅλη he and his whole household came to believe J 4:53 (Appian, Bell. Civ. 1, 13 §55 Γράκχος αὐτοῦ σὺν ὅλῃ τῇ οἰκίᾳ κατάρχοιτο). ἡ οἰκ. Στεφανᾶ the family of Stephanas 1 Cor 16:15. ἄτιμος εἰ μὴ … ἐν τῇ οἰκ. αὐτοῦ without honor except … in his family Mt 13:57; Mk 6:4.

③ a kind of middle position betw. mngs. 1 and 2 is held by Mt 10:12f: εἰσερχόμενοι εἰς τὴν οἰκίαν ἀσπάσασθε αὐτήν. καὶ ἐὰν ᾖ ἡ οἰκία ἀξία …—οἱ ἐκ τῆς Καίσαρος οἰκίας Phil 4:22 means, whether it be translated those in the house or those in the household of the Emperor, according to prevailing usage, not members of the emperor’s family or relationship, but servants at his court; in early imperial times they were ordinarily slaves or freedpersons (cp. Philo, In Flacc. 35; Jos., Ant. 17, 142; παντὶ τῷ οἴκῳ τῶν Σεβαστῶν PHerrmann, Inschriften von Sardeis: Chiron 23, ’93, 234 no. 1 ln. 5; MartPl 1 [Aa I 104, 8; 106, 15]. Cp. also Diog. L. 5, 75 the explanation for the ‘ignoble’ origin of Demetrius of Phalerum: ἦν γὰρ ἐκ τῆς Κόνωνος οἰκίας. On the other hand Diod S 17, 35, 3 αἱ τῆς βασιλικῆς οἰκίας γυναῖκες=the women of the royal family.—AdeWaal, Οἱ ἐκ τῆς Καίσαρος οἰκίας [Phil 4:22]: Röm. Quartalschr. 26, 1912, 160–63; Zahn, Einl.³ 391; GDuncan, St. Paul’s Ephesian Ministry 1929 [where the theory of Paul’s Ephesian imprisonment is set forth]. S. also Καῖσαρ ad loc.).—B. 133; 458. DELG s.v. οἶκο A I. M-M. TW.

κτίζω, Emp.23.6, etc.: [tense] fut. - ίσω A.Ch. 1060: [tense] aor.

A

ἔκτῐσα Od.11.263

, etc.; poet.

ἔκτισσα Pi.P.1.62

, A.Pers. 289 (lyr.),

κτίσσα Il.20.216

,

κτίσα Pi.P.5.89

: [tense] pf.

ἔκτῐκα Lyr.Alex.Adesp.1.8

, D.S.7.5, 15.13:— [voice] Med., poet.[tense] aor.

ἐκτίσσατο Pi.O.10(11).25

, Fr.1.4 ( ἐκτής- codd.):— [voice] Pass., [tense] fut.

κτισθήσομαι Str.Chr.5.38

, D.H.1.56: [tense] aor.

ἐκτίσθην Th.1.12

, etc.: [tense] pf.

ἔκτισμαι Hdt.4.46

, Hp.Art.45, E.Fr.360.9:— people a country, build houses and cities in it, κτίσσε δὲ Δαρδανίην Il.l.c.; κ. χώρην, νῆσον, Hdt.1.149, 3.49.

2 of a city, found, build, Θήβης ἕδος ἔκτισαν Od.l.c., cf. Hdt.1.167, 168, Th.6.4, PCair.Zen. 169 (iii B.C.);

ἀποικίαν A.Pr. 815

:—[voice] Pass., to be founded, Σμύρνην τὴν ἀπὸ Κολοφῶνος κτισθεῖσαν founded by emigrants from Colophon, Hdt.1.16, cf.7.153, 8.62; μήτε ἄστεα μήτε τείχεα ἐκτισμένα no fixed cities or walls, Id.4.46; -

ομένη πόλις Phld.Rh.2.155

S.

3 κ. ἄλσος plant a grove, Pi.P.5.89; βωμόν set up an altar, Id.O.7.42; ἑορτάν, ἀγῶνα, found, establish it, ib.6.69, 10(11).25 ([voice] Med.); τὸν Κύρνον.. κτίσαι, ἥρων ἐόντα establish his worship, Hdt.1.167;

δαῖτάς τινι A.Ch. 484

([voice] Pass.);

τάφον τινί S.Ant. 1101

;

αἵρεσιν Phld.Rh.1.77

S.;

σύνοδον IG22.1343.12

(i B.C.).

4 produce, create, bring into being,

γόνῳ τινά A.Supp. 172

(lyr.); bring about, τελευτήν ib. 140 (lyr.), cf. Ch. 441 (lyr.); ὁ τὴν φιλίην ἐκτικώς Lyr.Alex.Adesp. l.c.; of painters, δένδρεα.. καὶ ἀνέρας ἠδὲ γυναῖκας Emp.l.c.; ἵπποισι τὸν χαλινὸν κτίσας having invented it, S.OC 715 (lyr.).

5 make so and so,

ἐλεύθερον κ. τινά A.Ch. 1060

;

ἔνθεον κτίσας φρένα Id.Eu.17

, cf. 714;

ποτανὰν εἴ σέ τις θεῶν κτίσαι E. Supp. 620

(lyr.), cf. A.Pers. 289 (lyr.).

6 perpetrate a deed, S.Tr. 898. (Cf. Skt. kséti 'reside', k[snull ]itís ( = κτίσις) 'habitation'.)

τόπος, ὁ (fem. by attraction

A

τόπον τὰν καλειμέναν Δαματρείαν IG 9(1).32.80

(Stiris, ii B.C.)), place, region, first in A. (v. infr.), afterwds. freq. in all writers; periphr., χθονὸς πᾶς τ., i.e. the whole earth, A. Eu. 249;

ἐς τὸν Ἑλλήνων τ. Id.Pers. 790

; ἐν Ἑλλάδος τόποις in Greece, ib. 796;

ἐν Αὐλίδοστ. Id.Ag. 191

(lyr.);

Πέλοπος ἐντ. Id.Eu. 703

, cf. 292; πρὸς ἑσπέρους τ. towards the West, Id.Pr. 350; πρόσθε Σαλαμῖνος τόπων before Salamis, Id.Pers. 447;

Θρῄκης ἐκ τόπων E.Alc.67

;

Διρκαίων ἐκ τ. Id.Ph. 1027

(lyr.): so in Prose, district,

ὁ τ. ὁ Ἑλληνικός Isoc. 5.107

, cf. Ep.1.8;

ὁ περὶ Θρᾴκην τ. D.20.59

;

ὁ ἐπὶ Θρᾴκης τ. Aeschin. 2.9

, 3.73; ὁ τ. οὗτος, ἐν τούτοις τοῖς τ., X.An.4.4.4, Cyr.2.4.20; ὅλος τ. a whole region, D.19.230;

κατὰ τόπους καὶ κώμας Pl.Criti. 119a

; οἱ τῆς χώρας τ. the places of a country, Id.Lg. 760c, etc. (but ὁ τ. τῆς χώρας the geographical position, D.4.31; region, Pl.Lg. 705c); ὁ ἅγιοστ., of Jerusalem, LXX 2 Ma.2.18 (cf. infr. 5); the universe divided into three τόποι, Arist.IA 706b3, Cael. 312a8 (contrast PA 666a15, etc.); οἱ κοινοὶ τ. public sites or buildings, IG42(1).65.8 (Epid.);

ἄσυλος τ. BGU 1053 ii 9

(i B. C.), PTeb.5.83 (pl., ii B. C.); οἰκίαι καὶ τόποι houses and sites, ib.281.12 (ii B.C.); so ψιλοὶ τ. sites not built upon, OGI52.2 (Ptolemais, iii/ii B. C.).

2 place, position,

οὐ τὸν τρόπον, ἀλλὰ τὸν τ. μόνον μεταλλάξαι Aeschin.3.78

; ὑπολιποῦ τ. leave a space (in a document), PCair.Zen.327.83 (iii B.C.); περικήπῳ τ. καταλιπεῖν ib.193.8 (iii B.C.); τ. ἔχειν have a place, D.H.Dem.23, Plu.2.646a; φίλου τ. ἔχειν hold the place of.., Arr.Epict.2.4.5;

Μερόλας ὁ αἱρεθεὶς ὕπατος εἰς τὸν τοῦ Κίννα τ. D.S.38

/39.3;

ἐνεγράφη εἰς τὴν ἱερωσύνην εἰς τὸν Αευκίου Δομιτίου τ. τετελευτηκότος Nic.

Dam.Fr. 127.4J., cf. D.H.2.73;

ἀναπληροῦν τὸν τ. τοῦ ἰδιώτου 1 Ep.Cor.14.16

; τ. ἔχειν also = have room (to grow), Thphr.HP1.7.1; τόπῳ c. gen., in place of, instead of, Hdn.2.14.5; ἀνὰ τόπον on the spot, immediately, E.Supp. 604 (lyr., dub.l.); so

ἐν τόπῳ IG12(7).515.63

([place name] Amorgos);

ἐπὶ τόπου Plb.4.73.8

;

ἐπὶ τῶν τ. PEnteux.55.5

(iii B. C.), UPZ70.16 (ii B.C.), CIL3.567.3 (Delph., ii B. C.), POxy.2106.23 (iv A. D.), etc.;

κατὰ τὸν αὐτὸν τ. S.E.P.3.1

; παρὰ τόπον at a wrong place, Str.10.2.21, Arr.Epict.3.21.16 (but παρὰ τ. καὶ παρὰ καιρόν by virtue of the place and the time, ib.3.21.14).

3 place or part of the body, Hp.Aph. 2.46, Loc.Hom.tit., Sor.2.40, al., Gal. in titles of works, e.g. περὶ τῶν πεπονθότων τόπων, περὶ συνθέσεως φαρμάκων τῶν κατὰ τόπους; esp. ὁ τόπος, pudendum muliebre, Arist.HA 572b28, 583a15, cf. Sor.2.62 (pl.).

4 place, passage in an author,

κατὰ τόπους τινὰς τῆς ἱστορίας Plb.12.25f

.1, cf. Ph.2.63, Ev.Luc.4.17, Sor.2.57,58, etc.; the word is prob. interpolated in X.Mem.2.1.20.

5 burial-place, IG12(7).401 ([place name] Amorgos), al., Ev.Marc. 16.6; also in codd. of E.Heracl. 1041 (fort. leg. τάφον); later ὁ ἅγιος τ. is freq. of the grave of a martyr, or of a monastery associated with it, PMasp.94.18 (vi A.D.), etc.

6 in Egypt, district, department, a sub-division of the νομός, = τοπαρχία, PMich.Zen.43.8 (iii B. C.), Theb.Ostr.27.2 (ii B. C.): but most freq. in pl., ὁ ἐπὶ τῶν τ. στρατηγός, πράκτωρ, etc., PEnteux.27.9 (iii B. C.), PRein.7.17,35 (ii B. C.), etc.; οἱ ἔξω τ. dub. sens. in PEnteux.87.2 (iii B. C.), BGU1114.6 (i B. C.), etc.

7 a room in a house, τόπον ἕνα ἄνευ ἐνοικίου ib.896.4 (ii A. D.);

δύο τόπους ἤτοι συμπόσια POxy. 1129.10

(V A. D.), cf. 502.34 (ii A. D.), 912.13 (iii A. D.).

8 position on the zodiac, Vett.Val.139.13; esp. the twelve regions of 300, Ptol. Tetr. 128, Heph.Astr.1.12.

9

αὐτὸς ὁ θεὸς καλεῖται τόπος, τῷ περιέχειν τὰ ὅλα Ph.1.630

, cf. Corp.Herm.2.12, Hippol. Haer.6.32.

II topic, Isoc.5.109, 10.38, Aeschin.3.216, Plb.21.19.2, Phld. Rh.1.119S., etc.

2 common-place or element in Rhetoric,

ὁ τοῦ μᾶλλον καὶ ἧττον τ. Arist.Rh. 1358a14

, cf. 1396b30, 1397a7; τὸ αὐτὸ λέγω στοιχεῖον καὶ τ. ib. 1403a18: pl., Phld.Rh.1.226S.

b = ὁμολογουμένου πράγματος αὔξησις, Hermog Prog.11; κοινὸς τ. ib.6.

c generally, sphere,

ὁ πραγματικὸς τ. D.H.Comp.1

.

III metaph., opening, occasion, opportunity,

ἐν τ. τινὶ ἀφανεῖ Th.6.54

(but τρόπῳ is prob. cj.);

ὀργῇ διδόναι τ. Plu.2.462b

;

μὴ δίδοτε τ. τῷ διαβόλῳ Ep.Eph.4.27

; δότε τ. τῇ ὀργῇ leave room for the wrath (of God), i.e. let God punish, Ep.Rom.12.19;

μὴ καταλείπεσθαί σφισι τ. ἐλέους Plb.1.88.2

;

μετανοίας τ. οὐχ εὗρε Ep.Hebr.12.17

;

οὐδὲ φυγῆς τόπον εὐμοιρήσαντες Hld.6.13

; τ. διδόναι τινί c. inf., give occasion to.., LXX Si.4.5.

ποι-ητός, ή, όν,

A made, freq. in Hom., esp. of houses and arms, always in the sense of εὖ ποιητός, well made,

δόμοις ἔνι ποιητοῖσι Il. 5.198

, Od.13.306;

ποιητὰς.. πύλας Il.12.470

; also

πύκα ποιητός 18.608

, Od.1.333, 436, al.: generally, made,

εἰ δ' ἦν π. τε καὶ ἔνθετον ἀνδρὶ νόημα Thgn.435

; π. φρέατα, opp. natural springs, Plu.Sol. 23; cultivated, opp. ἄγριος, Aret.CD1.4;

ἕλκεα

self-inflicted,

Tryph. 229

.

II made into a son, adopted, παῖς π., opp. ἀληθινός, γεννητός, Pl.Lg. 878e, 923e; οἱ π. τῶν πατέρων adopted fathers, Lycurg. 48; π. πολῖται factitious citizens, not so born, Arist.Pol. 1275a6, cf. D.45.78.

III made by oneself, i.e. invented, feigned,

λόγος Pi.N. 5.29

;

ποιητῷ τρόπῳ E.Hel. 1547

; of works of art, imitated, Nonn.D. 34.287.

κτήτωρ, ορος, ὁ (Diod S 34 + 35, 2, 31; POxy 237 VIII, 31; 718, 13; PTebt 378, 24; et al. [New Docs 2, 89] Jo 1:11 Sym.) owner of houses and lands χωρίων ἢ οἰκιῶν Ac 4:34 (cp. 1QS 1:11f).—DELG s.v. κτάομαι 7. M-M.

-ου ⁺ ὁ N 2 189-963-473-268-169=2062 Gn 7,1; 9,21.27; 12,1.15

house, any dwelling place Gn 9,21; big house, palace (of the king) 2 Sm 11,8; temple (of Jerusalem) Is 56,7

house, family Gn 7,1; descendants, nation Jer 38(31),33; id. (semit., rendering Hebr. בני sons of) 1 Chr 2,10; id. (rendering Hebr. עם) Lv 9,7; property, possessions Gn 41,40

ἐν οἴκῳ at home 1 Sm 19,9; οἶκος φυλακῆς prison Is 42,7

*Lv 10,14 καὶ ὁ οἶκός σου and your house-וביתך בית for MT ובנתיך בת and your daughters, see also Jer 28(51),33, Ez 27,6; *Jgs^A 11,26 ἐν τῷ οἴκῳ in the house-בבית corr.? ἐν τῷ οἰκῆσαι for MT בתשׁב when living; *2 Sm 3,8 εἰς τὸν οἶκον to the house-בית for MT ביד in the hand; *1 Kgs 21(20),30 τὸν οἶκον the house-הבית for MT העיר the city; *2 Kgs 12,10 ἐν τῷ οἴκῳ ἀνδρός in the house of a man-שׁבבית־אי for MT שׁבבוא־אי when a man comes; *2 Kgs 23,8 τὸν οἶκον the house-בית for MT במות the high places, see also

23,13, Mi 1,5; *Is 24,12 οἶκοι houses-בתי for MT יכת is smitten; *Jer 20,2 οἴκου ἀποτεταγμένου the upper house-מני בית? for MT בנימן Benjamin; *Mi 5,1 Βηθλεεμ οἶκος (τοῦ Εφραθα) Bethlehem, house (of Ephrata) double transl. of בית? for MT (אפרתה) בית־לחם; *Jb 24,12 οἴκων ἰδίων of their own houses-בתיהם for MT מתים dying; *Prv 7,17 τὸν δὲ οἶκόν μου my house-אהלי my tent for MT אהלים aloes; *Ezr 7,15 εἰς οἶκον κυρίου to the house of the Lord-יה להיכל? for MT להיבלה to bring

Cf. BARR 1961, 283; DORIVAL 1994 128.159. 384.575; HUSSON 1983a, 211-215; STROBEL 1965, 91-100;

WEVERS 1993 257.357.453; WODKE 1977 61.63-67; →NIDNTT; TWNT

λίθος, ου, ὁ (Hom.+; in our lit. always masc.)

① stone, in general: Mt 3:9 (ZNW 9, 1908, 77f; 341f); 4:3, 6 (Ps 90:12); 7:9; Mk 5:5; Lk 3:8; 4:3, 11 (Ps 90:12); 11:11 v.l.; 19:40 (cp. 4 Esdr 5:5 and the ‘hearing’ πέτραι PGM 36, 263); 22:41; J 8:7, 59; 10:31; Ox 1 recto, 6 (ASyn. 171, 5)=GTh 77 (s. AWalls, VigChr 16, ’62, 71–78; cp. Lucian, Hermotim. 81 p. 826 ὁ θεὸς οὐκ ἐν οὐρανῷ ἐστιν, ἀλλὰ διὰ πάντων πεφοίτηκεν, οἷον ξύλων κ. λίθων κ. ζῴων). Of blood (but πτῶμα pap) of Zachariah, which turned to stone GJs 24:3.

② stone, of a special kind

ⓐ of stones used in building (Dio Chrys. 57 [74], 26; Oenomaus in Eus., PE 5, 24, 4 λίθοι καὶ ξύλοι; Palaeph. p. 62, 7; PPetr II, 13 [18a], 7 [258 B.C.]; Dt 27:5f; 3 Km 6:7; TestSol 2:5 al.; JosAs 2:17) Mt 24:2; Mk 13:1f (LGaston, No Stone on Another, ’70 [fall of Jerus.]); Lk 19:44; 21:6 (λίθος ἐπὶ λίθῳ as Aristippus Fgm. 20 FPhGr [in Diog. L. 2, 72]); Hv 3, 2, 4–9; 3, 4, 2f; 3, 5, 1–3; 3, 6, 3; 6f; 3, 7, 1; 5; Hs 9, 3, 3ff al.; λ. καλοί costly stone(s) (prob. kinds of marble; cp. Diod S 1, 66, 3 κάλλιστοι λίθοι; Jos., Ant. 15, 392) Lk 21:5.—1 Cor 3:12 is also classed here by Blass and Dssm., Pls² 1925, 245f (Paul, 1926, 212ff); s. b below.

ⓑ of precious stones, jewels (TestSol 1:3 al.; TestAbr, JosAs, Joseph.; Ant. 17, 197; Synes., Ep. 3 p. 158b) λίθος καθαρός Rv 15:6 v.l. Mostly in the combination λίθος τίμιος (τιμιώτατος) and mentioned beside gold, silver, or even pearls (Appian, Liby. 66 §297; Herodian 5, 2, 4; Da 11:38 Theod.; 2 Km 12:30; TestSol 1:6; TestAbr A 6 p. 83, 23 [Stone p. 14]; JosAs 2:3; 18:4; cp. TestAbr A 3 p. 80, 12 [Stone p. 8] πολύτιμοι; TestJob 28:5 πολυτελεῖς, ἔνδοξοι; JosAs 2:7 al. πολυτελεῖς); Rv 17:4; 18:12, 16; 21:11, 19 (s. the lit. s.v. ἀμέθυστος. Also FCumont³ 246, 87). Likewise in 1 Cor 3:12 the way in which the word is used scarcely permits another mng., and hence we must assume (unless it is enough to think of the edifice as adorned w. precious stones [Diod S 3, 47, 6f: the use of gold, silver, and precious stones in the building of palaces in Sabae; Lucian, Imag. 11 ὁ νεὼς λίθοις τ. πολυτελέσιν ἠσκημένος κ. χρυσῷ]) that Paul either had in mind imaginary buildings (Ps.-Callisth. 3, 28, 4: in the city of Helios on the Red Sea there are 12 πύργοι χρυσῷ καὶ σμαράγδῳ ᾠκοδομημένοι• τὸ δὲ τεῖχος ἐκ λίθου Ἰνδικοῦ κτλ.) as Rv 21:18ff; Is 54:11f; Tob 13:17, or simply mentioned the costliest materials, without considering whether they could actually be used in erecting a building (in Phoenix of Colophon [III B.C.] 1, 9: AnthLG I/3³ ’54 Diehl the rich snob thinks of houses ἐγ [=ἐκ] λίθου σμαραγδίτου. S. χρυσίον.—S. a above).—λ. ἴασπις (q.v.) Rv 4:3.

ⓒ of millstones λ. μυλικός Lk 17:2. Two times as v.l. for μύλος ὀνικός: Mt 18:6; Mk 9:42. v.l. λ. ὡς μύλινος Rv 18:21.

ⓓ of large stones used to seal graves (Chariton 3, 3, 1 παραγενόμενος εὗρε τ. λίθους κεκινημένους κ. φανερὰν τὴν εἴσοδον) Mt 27:60, 66; 28:2; Mk 15:46; 16:3f; Lk 24:2; J 11:38f, 41; 20:1; GPt 8:32 al. Also of the tables of the Mosaic law 2 Cor 3:7.

ⓔ of stone images of the gods (Dt 4:28; Ezk 20:32; Just., D. 113, 6) Ac 17:29; 2 Cl 1:6; cp. PtK 2 p. 14, 14; Dg 2:2.

ⓕ in imagery relating to God’s people and the transcendent (in the pass. fr. Hv 3 and Hs 9 mentioned in 2a above, the tower and its stones are symbolic): of Christ (cp. Just., D. 86, 3) λ. ζῶν 1 Pt 2:4. Likew. of the Christians λίθοι ζῶντες living stones (in the spiritual temple) vs. 5 (JPlumpe, Vivum saxum, vivi lapides: Traditio 1, ’43, 1–14). ὡς ὄντες λίθοι ναοῦ πατρός as building-stones of the Father’s temple IEph 9:1. 1 Pt and B 6:2c, 3 (s. LBarnard, Studia Evangelica, ed. FCross, ’64, III, 306–13: NT and B) also refer to Christ as the λ. ἐκλεκτὸς ἀκρογωνιαῖος 1 Pt 2:6 (cp. Is 28:16; ESiegman, CBQ 18, ’56, 364–79; JElliott, The Elect and the Holy ’66, esp. 16–38; s. ἀκρογωνιαῖος), the λ., ὸ̔ν ἀπεδοκίμασαν οἱ οἰκοδομοῦντες vs. 7 (Ps 117:22)—likew. Mt 21:42; Mk 12:10; Lk 20:17; cp. Ac 4:11; Eph 2:20 v.l. (for lit. s. on κεφαλή 2b)—and finally the λ. προσκόμματος 1 Pt 2:8 (Is 8:14)—likew. Ro 9:32f. The same OT (Is 8:14f) infl. is felt in Mt 21:44; Lk 20:18 (Daimachus [IV B.C.]: 65 Fgm. 8 Jac. speaks in his work περὶ εὐσεβείας of the fall of a holy stone fr. heaven πεσεῖν τὸν λίθον).—SKottek, Names, Roots and Stones in Jewish Lore: Proceedings XXXII Intern. Congr. of History of Medicine, Antwerp n.d. [’91] 63–74; also idem: ANRW II/37/3 p. 2855 n. 53 on use of stones in antiquity. B. 51; 442. DELG. M-M. TW. Spicq.

συναγωγή, ῆς, ἡ (Thu. et al.; ins, pap, LXX, Just.). The term ς. is fluid, and its use as a loanword in Eng. in connection with cult suggests a technical usage that belies the extraordinary breadth of use of ς. Orig. in act. sense ‘a bringing together, assembling’, then in LXX and contemporary documents ‘a gathering’ or ‘place of assembly’.—For ins evidence relating to cultic usage s. ROster, NTS 39, ’93, 181 n. 14 (the principal corpora); for synonyms, p. 186; cp. New Docs 4, 202f.

① a place where someth. collects, gathering place of the basins in which water is gathered at the creation (Gen 1:9; cp. Jos., Ant. 15, 346 ς. ὑδάτων; Did., Gen. 25, 14 ς., ἣν καλεῖν εἰώθασιν ὠκεανόν) 1 Cl 20:6.

② a place of assembly (Cybeleins [Bilderatlas z. Religionsgesch. 9–11, 1926 p. xix no. 154] ἐν τῇ τοῦ Διὸς συναγωγῇ; s. New Docs 3, 43. Sb 4981, 6f [restored].—On συναγωγή as a room for meetings cp. συνέδρια of the meeting-houses of the Pythagoreans Polyb. 2, 39, 1).

ⓐ of the Jewish synagogue (it is used for a place of assembly for Jews in Philo, Omn. Prob. Lib. 81 [w. ref. to the Essenes]; Jos., Bell. 2, 285; 289; 7, 44, Ant. 19, 300; 305; CIG 9894; 9904; BCH 21, 1897 p. 47; Συναγωγὴ Ἑβραίων in Corinth [s. Κόρινθος, end], in Rome [CIG IV, 9909] and ILydiaKP III, 42 p. 32ff.—S. AvHarnack, Mission⁴ II 1924, p. 568, 2; GKittel, TLZ 69, ’44, 11f.—Orig., C. Cels. 6, 23, 3; Hippol., Ref. 9, 12, 7); people came to the συν. to worship God Mt 4:23; 6:2, 5; 9:35; 12:9; 13:54; Mk 1:39; 3:1; 6:2; Lk 4:15; 6:6; J 18:20. In the same buildings court was also held and punishment was inflicted: Mt 10:17; 23:34; Mk 13:9; Lk 12:11; 21:12; Ac 22:19; 26:11 (HKee, NTS 36, ’90, 1–24 perceives Acts as reading a post-70 situation into Paul’s career; rejoinder ROster, ibid 39, ’93, 178–208, with caution against reliance on mere transliteration of ς. and w. conclusion that Luke is not guilty of anachronism; response by Kee, ibid. 40, ’94, 281–83 [also 41, ’95, 481–500], w. observation that the inscription from the syngagogue of Theodotus in Jerusalem [s. Dssm. LO 378–80=LAE 439–41; Boffo, Iscrizioni no. 31] may well be no earlier than IV A.D.; for critique of Kee’s views s. also ESanders, Jewish Law from Jesus to the Mishnah, ’87, 341–43 notes 28 and 29. For early use in reference to a Jewish synagogue, s. New Docs 4, 202, IBerenike 16, 5 [55 A.D.] of a building, ln. 3 of members meeting in it). Synagogues are also mentioned as existing in Antioch in Pisidia 13:14; Athens 17:17; Berea vs. 10; Damascus 9:20; Ephesus 18:19 (GHorsley, The Inscriptions of Ephesus and the NT: NovT 34, ’92, 105–68); Capernaum Mk 1:21; Lk 4:33; 7:5; J 6:59 (HKohl and CWatzinger, Antike Synagogen in Galiläa 1916; HVincent, RB 30, 1921, 438ff; 532ff; GOrfali, Capharnaum et ses ruines 1922); Corinth Ac 18:4 (s. New Docs 3, 121); Ephesus 19:8; Nazareth Lk 4:16; Salamis on the island of Cyprus Ac 13:5; Thessalonica 17:1.—ESukenik, Ancient Synagogues in Palestine and Greece ’34.—On the building of synagogues by patrons s. TRajak, Benefactors in the Greco-Jewish Diaspora, in MHengel Festschr. I ’96, 307 n. 7 lit.—On the relationship betw. συναγωγή and προσευχή (q.v. 2) s. SKrauss, Synagogale Altertümer 1922, 11; Boffo, Iscrizioni 39–46; Pauly-W. 2d ser. IV ’32, 1284–1316; ERivkin, AHSilver Festschr. ’63, 350–54.—AGroenman, De Oorsprong der Joodsche Synagoge: NThT 8, 1919, 43–87; 137–88; HStrack, RE XIX 221–26; Elbogen² 444ff; 571ff; Billerb. IV, 115–52 (the Syn. as an institution), 153–88 (the Syn. services); GDalman, Jesus-Jeshua (tr. PLevertoff) 1929, 38–55; SSafrai, MStern et al., The Jewish People in the 1st Century II, ’77, 908–44; LLevine, The Second Temple Synagogue, The Formative Years: The Synagogue in Late Antiquity ’87, 7–31; Schürer II 423–63; III 138–49; s. also lit. cited by Oster, Kee, and Boffo above.

ⓑ an assembly-place for Judeo-Christians (Nazarenes) can also be meant in Js 2:2 (so LRost, PJ 29, ’33, 53–66, esp. 54f but s. 4 below). εἰς ς. πλήρη ἀνδρῶν Hm 11:14 (cp. the superscription on a Marcionite assembly-place near Damascus συναγωγὴ Μαρκιωνιστῶν [OGI 608, 1 fr. 318/19 A.D.]; Harnack, SBBerlAK 1915, 754ff). S. 5 below.

③ the members of a synagogue, (the congregation of a) synagogue (Just., D. 53, 4 al.; references for this usage in Schürer II 423f; III 81–86; EPeterson, Byz.-Neugriech. Jahrbücher 2, 1921, 208)

ⓐ of localized synagogues Ac 6:9 (Schürer II 428; cp. CIJ 683 [=Corpus Ins. Regni Bosporani ’65 no. 70], for translation and ill. see RMackennan, Bar 22/2, ’96, 47); 9:2.

ⓑ in a limited sense, of those who consider themselves Ἰουδαῖοι but are hostile to Christians (who also identify themselves as Ἰουδαῖοι whether Israelite by descent or believers from the nations—on the mixed composition of the followers of Jesus Christ s. Ac 13:43; ISm 1:2), and are called (instead of συναγωγὴ κυρίου: Num 16:3; 20:4; 27:17; Josh 22:16; Ps 73:2) συναγωγὴ τοῦ σατανᾶ synagogue of Satan Rv 2:9; 3:9 (cp. Just., D. 104, 1 ἡ ς. τῶν πονηρευομένων; s. 5 below).

④ a synagogal meeting, a meeting, gathering for worship, of the Judeans λυθείσης τῆς συναγωγῆς Ac 13:43 (s. λύω 3).—Transferred to meetings of Judeo-Christian congregations (cp. TestBenj 11:2, 3; Just., D. 63, 5; 124, 1; Theoph. Ant. 2, 14 [p. 136, 12]) ἐὰν εἰσέλθῃ εἰς συναγωγὴν ὑμῶν Js 2:2 (this is the preferred interpr.: HermvSoden, Ropes, Meinertz, FHauck; s. 2b above). συναγωγὴ ἀνδρῶν δικαίων Hm 11:9, 13, cp. 14. πυκνότερον συναγωγαὶ γινέσθωσαν meetings (of the congregation) should be held more often IPol 4:2. (συναγ. is also found outside Jewish and Christian circles for periodic meetings; s. the exx. in MDibelius, Jakobus 1921 p. 124, 1. Also Philo Bybl.: 790 Fgm. 4, 52 Jac. [in Eus., PE 1, 10, 52] Ζωροάστρης ἐν τῇ ἱερᾷ συναγωγῇ τῶν Περσικῶν φησι; OGI 737, 1 [II B.C.] ς. ἐν τῷ Ἀπολλωνείῳ; PLond 2710 recto, 12: HTR 29, ’36, 40; 51.—Sb 8267, 3 [5 B.C.] honorary ins of a polytheistic ς.=association. W. ref. to the imperial cult BGU 1137, 2 [6 B.C.]. On the Christian use of the word s. also ADeissmann, Die Urgeschichte des Christentums im Lichte der Sprachforschung 1910, 35f).

⑤ a group of pers. who band together, freq. with hostile intent, band, gang ς. πονηρευομένων (Ps 21:17) B 5:13; 6:6; GJs 15:1 v.l. (for σύνοδος).—SSafrai, The Synagogue: CRINT I/2, 908–44; WSchrage, BHHW III 1906–10; Kl. Pauly V 451f.—S. ἀρχισυναγωγός and New Docs 4, 213–20. DELG s.v. ἄγω. EDNT. DLNT 1141–46. M-M. TW.

ἔχω (Hom.+) impf. εἶχον, 1 pl. εἴχαμεν and 3 pl. εἶχαν (both as vv.ll.; Mlt-H. 194; B-D-F §82) Mk 8:7; Rv 9:8 or εἴχοσαν (B-D-F §84, 2; Mlt-H. 194; Kühner-Bl. II p. 55) J 15:22, 24; 2 aor. ἔσχον; mixed aor. forms include ἔσχαν Hv 3, 5, 1, ἔσχοσαν 1 Esdr 6:5; 1 Macc 10:15 (ἔσχον, εἴχον vv.ll.); pf. ἔσχηκα; plpf. ἐσχήκειν.—In the following divisions: act. trans. 1–9; act. intr. 10; mid. 11.

① to possess or contain, have, own (Hom.+)

ⓐ to possess someth. that is under one’s control

α. own, possess (s. esp. TestJob 9f) κτήματα πολλά own much property Mt 19:22; Mk 10:22. πρόβατα Lk 15:4; J 10:16. θησαυρόν Mt 19:21; Mk 10:21b. βίον living Lk 21:4; 1J 3:17. δραχμὰς δέκα Lk 15:8. πλοῖα Rv 18:19. κληρονομίαν Eph 5:5. θυσιαστήριον Hb 13:10a; μέρος ἔ. ἔν τινι have a share in someth. Rv 20:6. Gener. μηδὲν ἔ. own nothing (SibOr 3, 244) 2 Cor 6:10. ὅσα ἔχεις Mk 10:21; cp. 12:44; Mt 13:44, 46; 18:25. τί ἔχεις ὸ̔ οὐκ ἔλαβες; what do you have that you have not been given? 1 Cor 4:7. The obj. acc. is often used w. an adj. or ptc.: ἔ. ἅπαντα κοινά have everything in common Ac 2:44 (cp. Jos., Ant. 15, 18). ἔ. πολλὰ ἀγαθὰ κείμενα have many good things stored up Lk 12:19.—Hb 12:1. Abs. ἔ. have (anything) (Soph.et al.; Sir 13:5; 14:11) Mt 13:12a; Mk 4:25a; Lk 8:18a. ἐκ τοῦ ἔχειν in accordance w. what you have 2 Cor 8:11. ἔ. εἰς ἀπαρτισμόν have (enough) to complete Lk 14:28. W. neg. ἔ. have nothing Mt 13:12b; Mk 4:25b; Lk 8:18b.—ὁ ἔχων the one who has, who is well off (Soph., Aj. 157; Eur., Alc. 57; X., An. 7, 3, 28; Ar. 15:7). πᾶς ὁ ἔχων everyone who has (anything) Mt 25:29a; Lk 19:26a. ὁ μὴ ἔχων the one who has nothing (X., An. 7, 3, 28; 1 Esdr 9:51, 54; 2 Esdr 18:10) Mt 25:29b; Lk 19:26b; 1 Cor 11:22.

β. have = hold in one’s charge or keeping ἔ. τὰς κλεῖς hold the keys Rv 1:18; cp. 3:7. τὸ γλωσσόκομον the money-box J 12:6; 13:29.

ⓑ to contain someth. have, possess, of the whole in relation to its parts

α. of living beings, of parts of the body in men and animals μέλη Ro 12:4a; cp. 1 Cor 12:12. σάρκα καὶ ὀστέα Lk 24:39 (Just., A I, 66, 2 καὶ σάρκα καὶ αἷμα) ἀκροβυστίαν Ac 11:3. οὖς Rv 2:7, 11. ὦτα Mt 11:15; Mk 7:16; Lk 8:8. χεῖρας, πόδας, ὀφθαλμούς Mt 18:8f; Mk 9:43, 45, 47. Of animals and animal-like beings ἔ. πρόσωπον Rv 4:7. πτέρυγας vs. 8. κέρατα 5:6. ψυχάς 8:9. τρίχας 9:8. κεφαλάς 12:3 (TestAbr B 14 p. 118, 19 [Stone p. 84]) al. ἔχοντες ὑγιῆ τὴν σάρκα AcPlCor 2:32 (Just., D. 48, 3 σάρκα ἔχων). Of plants (TestAbr B 3 p. 107, 6 [Stone p. 62] εὗρον δένδρον … ἔχον κλάδους) ῥίζαν ἔ. Mt 13:6; Mk 4:6.

β. of inanimate things: of cities τ. θεμελίους ἔ. Hb 11:10; cp. Rv 21:14. Of a head-covering χαρακτῆρα ἔχει βασιλικόν has a royal emblem GJs 2:2.

ⓒ to have at hand, have at one’s disposal have ἄρτους Mt 14:17; cp. 15:34; J 21:5, where the sense is prob. ‘Did you catch any fish for breakfast?’. οὐκ ἔχω ὸ̔ παραθήσω αὐτῷ I have nothing to set before him Lk 11:6. μὴ ἐχόντων τί φάγωσι since they had nothing to eat Mk 8:1; cp. Mt 15:32 (Soph., Oed. Col. 316 οὐκ ἔχω τί φῶ). οὐκ ἔχω ποῦ συνάξω I have no place to store Lk 12:17. ἄντλημα a bucket J 4:11a. οἰκίας ἔ. have houses (at one’s disposal) 1 Cor 11:22. Of pers.: have (at one’s disposal) (PAmh 92, 18 οὐχ ἕξω κοινωνόν and oft. in pap) Moses and the prophets Lk 16:29. παράκλητον an advocate, a helper 1J 2:1. οὐδένα ἔ. ἰσόψυχον Phil 2:20. ἄνθρωπον οὐκ ἔ. J 5:7.

ⓓ to have within oneself have σύλλημα ἔχει ἐκ πνεύματος ἁγίου she has something conceived through the Holy Spirit GJs 18:1. Var. constr. w. ἐν: of women ἐν γαστρὶ ἔ. be pregnant (γαστήρ 2) Mt 1:18, 23 (Is 7:14); 24:19; Mk 13:17; Lk 21:23; 1 Th 5:3; Rv 12:2. ἔ. τινὰ ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ have someone in one’s heart Phil 1:7 (Ovid, Metam. 2, 641 aliquem clausum pectore habere). ἔ. τι ἐν ἑαυτῷ (Jos., Ant. 8, 171; cp. TestAbr A 3 p. 80, 14 [Stone p. 8] ἔκρυψεν τὸ μυστήριον, μόνος ἔχων ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ αὐτοῦ): ζωήν J 5:26. τὴν μαρτυρίαν 1J 5:10; τὸ ἀπόκριμα τοῦ θανάτου have a sentence of death within oneself 2 Cor 1:9.

ⓔ to have with oneself or in one’s company have μεθʼ ἑαυτοῦ (X., Cyr. 1, 4, 17) τινά someone Mt 15:30; 26:11; Mk 2:19; 14:7; J 12:8; AcPl Ha 8, 35; σὺν αὐτῷ 4:18.—The ptc. w. acc. = with (Diod S 12, 78, 1 ἔχων δύναμιν with a [military] force; 18, 61, 1 ὁ θρόνος ἔχων τὸ διάδημα the throne with the diadem; JosAs 27:8 ἔχοντες ἐσπασμένας τὰς ῥομφαίας ‘with their swords drawn’) ἀνέβησαν ἔχοντες αὐτόν they went up with him Lk 2:42 D.

② to stand in a close relationship to someone, have, have as

ⓐ of relatives πατέρα ἔ. J 8:41. ἀδελφούς Lk 16:28. ἄνδρα (Aristot., Cat. 15b, 27f λεγόμεθα δὲ καὶ γυναῖκα ἔχειν καὶ ἡ γυνὴ ἄνδρα; Tob 3:8 BA) be married (of the woman) J 4:17f; 1 Cor 7:2b, 13; Gal 4:27 (Is 54:1). γυναῖκα of the man (cp. Lucian, Tox. 45; SIG 1160 γυναικὸς Αἴ., τῆς νῦν ἔχει; PGM 13, 320; 1 Esdr 9:12, 18; Just., D. 141, 4 πολλὰς ἔσχον γυναίκας. As early as Od. 11, 603 Heracles ἔχει Ἥβην) 1 Cor 7:2a, 12, 29 (for the wordplay cp. Heliod. 1, 18, 4 in connection w. the handing over of a virgin: σὺ ἔχων οὐκ ἕξεις; Crates, 7th Ep. [p. 58, 8 Malherbe] πάντʼ ἔχοντες οὐδὲν ἔχετε). τέκνα Mt 21:28; 22:24; 1 Ti 3:4; 5:4; Tit 1:6. υἱούς (Artem. 5, 42 τὶς τρεῖς ἔχων υἱούς; cp. θυγατέρα TestAbr B 10 p. 114, 17 [Stone p.76]) Lk 15:11; Gal 4:22. σπέρμα have children Mt 22:25. W. acc. as obj. and in predicate (Ar. 8, 4 τούτους συνηγόρους ἔχοντες τῆς κακίας; 11, 3 ἔσχε μοιχὸν τὸν Ἄρην; Ath. 7, 2 ἔχομεν προφήτας μάρτυρας) ἔ. τινὰ πατέρα have someone as father Mt 3:9. ἔ. τινὰ γυναῖκα (w. γυναῖκα to be understood fr. the context) 14:4; cp. Mk 6:18; ὥστε γυναῖκά τινα τοῦ πατρὸς ἔ. that someone has taken his father’s wife (as his own wife: the simple ἔχειν in this sense as Plut., Cato Min. 21, 3; Appian, Bell. Civ. 3, 10 §34; Jos., C. Ap. 1, 147. Perh. an illicit relationship is meant, as Longus 4, 17; Hesychius Miles. [VI A.D.], Viri Ill. 4 JFlach [1880] ἔχω Λαί̈δα) 1 Cor 5:1 (Diod S 20, 33, 5 of a man who had illicit relations with his stepmother: ἔχειν λάθρᾳ τοῦ πατρὸς τὴν Ἀλκίαν).

ⓑ more gener. φίλον have a friend Lk 11:5. ἀσθενοῦντας have sick people Lk 4:40 and χήρας widows 1 Ti 5:16 to care for; παιδαγωγοὺς ἔ. 1 Cor 4:15. δοῦλον Lk 17:7. οἰκονόμον 16:1; κύριον ἔ. have a master, i.e. be under a master’s control Col 4:1; δεσπότην ἔ. 1 Ti 6:2; βασιλέα J 19:15. ἀρχιερέα Hb 4:14; 8:1. ποιμένα Mt 9:36. ἔχων ὑπʼ ἐμαυτὸν στρατιώτας I have soldiers under me Lk 7:8. W. direct obj. and predicate acc. ἔ. τινὰ ὑπηρέτην have someone as an assistant Ac 13:5 (Just., A I, 14, 1) ἔ. τινὰ τύπον have someone as an example Phil 3:17.—Of the relation of Christians to God and to Jesus ἔ. θεόν, τὸν πατέρα, τὸν υἱόν have God, the Father, the Son, i.e. be in communion w. them 1J 2:23; 2J 9; AcPl Ha 4, 7.—HHanse, at end of this entry.

③ to take a hold on someth., have, hold (to), grip

ⓐ of holding someth. in one’s hand ἔ. τι ἐν τῇ χειρί have someth. in one’s hand (since Il. 18, 505) Rv 1:16; 6:5; 10:2; 17:4. Of holding in the hand without ἐν τῇ χειρί (Josh 6:8; JosAs 5:7) ἔ. κιθάραν 5:8. λιβανωτὸν χρυσοῦν 8:3, cp. vs. 6; 14:17 and s. ἀλάβαστρον Mt 26:7 and Mk 14:3.

ⓑ of keeping someth. safe, a mina (a laborer’s wages for about three months) in a handkerchief keep safe Lk 19:20.

ⓒ of holding fast to matters of transcendent importance, fig. τὴν μαρτυρίαν Rv 6:9; 12:17; 19:10; the secret of Christian piety 1 Ti 3:9; an example of sound teaching 2 Ti 1:13; keep (Diod S 17, 93, 1 τὴν βασιλείαν ἔχειν=keep control) Mk 6:18.

ⓓ of states of being hold, hold in its grip, seize (Hom. et al.; PGiss 65a, 4 παρακαλῶ σε κύριέ μου, εἰδότα τὴν ἔχουσάν με συμφορὰν ἀπολῦσαί μοι; Job 21:6; Is 13:8; Jos., Ant. 3, 95 δέος εἶχε τοὺς Ἑβρ.; 5, 63; Just., D. 19, 3) εἶχεν αὐτὰς τρόμος καὶ ἔκστασις trembling and amazement had seized them Mk 16:8.

④ to carry/bear as accessory or part of a whole, have on, wear, of clothing, weapons, etc. (Hom. et al.; LXX; TestAbr B p. 114, 22 [Stone p. 76]) τὸ ἔνδυμα Mt 3:4; 22:12 (cp. ἔνδυσιν TestJob 25:7). κατὰ κεφαλῆς ἔχων w. τὶ to be supplied while he wears (a covering) on his head 1 Cor 11:4. ἔ. θώρακας Rv 9:9, 17. ἔ. μάχαιραν wear a sword (Jos., Ant. 6, 190) J 18:10. Sim. of trees ἔ. φύλλα have leaves Mk 11:13 (ApcSed. 8:8).

⑤ be in a position to do someth., can, be able, ἔ. w. inf. foll. (Hom. et al.; cp. Eur., Hec. 761; Hdt. 1, 49; Pla., Phd. p. 76d; Demosth., Ep. 2, 22; Theocr. 10, 37 τὸν τρόπον οὐκ ἔχω εἰπεῖν=I cannot specify the manner; Lucian, Dial. Mort. 21, 2, Hermot. 55; Epict. 1, 9, 32; 2, 2, 24 al.; Ael. Aristid. 51, 50 K.=27 p. 546 D.: οὐκ ἔχω λέγειν; PPetr II, 12, 1, 16; PAmh 131, 15; Pr 3:27; ApcEsdr 2:24; 3:7; 6:5; TestAbr A 8, p. 86, 13 [Stone p. 20]; Jos., Ant. 1, 338; 2, 58; Just., A I, 19, 5, D. 4, 6 οὐκ ἔχω εἰπεῖν) ἔ. ἀποδοῦναι be able to pay Mt 18:25a; Lk 7:42; 14:14. μὴ ἔ. περισσότερον τι ποιῆσαι be in a position to do nothing more 12:4. οὐδὲν ἔ. ἀντειπεῖν be able to make a reply Ac 4:14; cp. Tit 2:8. ἔ. κατηγορεῖν αὐτοῦ J 8:6 (cp. 9a below, end). ἀσφαλές τι γράψαι οὐκ ἔχω I have nothing definite to write Ac 25:26a; cp. 26b. ἔ. μεταδιδόναι Eph 4:28a. ἔ. τὴν τούτων μνήμην ποιεῖσθαι be able to recall these things to mind 2 Pt 1:15. κατʼ οὐδενὸς εἶχεν μείζονος ὀμόσαι he could swear by no one greater Hb 6:13. In the same sense without the actual addition of the inf., which is automatically supplied fr. context (X., An. 2, 1, 9) ὸ̔ ἔσχεν (i.e. ποιῆσαι) ἐποίησεν she has done what she could Mk 14:8.

⑥ to have an opinion about someth., consider, look upon, view w. acc. as obj. and predicate acc. (POxy 292, 6 [c. 25 A.D.] ἔχειν αὐτὸν συνεσταμένον=look upon him as recommended; 787 [16 A.D.]; PGiss 71, 4; Job 30:9; Ps.-Clem., Hom. 16, 19; Ath. 32, 3 τοὺς μὲν υἱοὺς … νοοῦμεν, τοὺς δὲ ἀδελφούς ἔχομεν) ἔχε με παρῃτημένον consider me excused (= don’t expect me to come) Lk 14:18b, 19 (cp. Martial 2, 79 excusatum habeas me). τινὰ ἔντιμον ἔ. hold someone in honor Phil 2:29. ἔ. τινὰ ὡς προφήτην consider someone a prophet Mt 14:5; 21:26, 46 v.l. (cp. GNicod 5 [=Acta Pilati B 5 p. 297 Tdf.] ἔχειν [Jannes and Jambres] ὡς θεούς; Just., D. 47, 5 τὸν μετανοοῦντα … ὡς δίκαιον καὶ ἀναμάρτητον ἔχει). ἔ. τινὰ εἰς προφήτην consider someone a prophet Mt 21:46 (cp. Duris [III B.C.]: 76 Fgm. 21 Jac. ὸ̔ν εἰς θεοὺς ἔχουσιν). εἶχον τ. Ἰωάννην ὄντως ὅτι προφήτης ἦν they thought that John was really a prophet Mk 11:32.

⑦ to experience someth., have (freq. in auxiliary capacity CTurner, JTS 28, 1927, 357–60)

ⓐ of all conditions of body and soul (Hom. et al.; LXX)

α. of illness, et al. (ApcMos 6 νόσον καὶ πόνον ἔχω; Jos., C. Ap. 1, 305) ἀσθενείας have sicknesses/diseases Ac 28:9. μάστιγας physical troubles Mk 3:10. πληγὴν τῆς μαχαίρης Rv 13:14. θλῖψιν J 16:33b; 1 Cor 7:28; Rv 2:10. Esp. of possession by hostile spirits: δαιμόνιον ἔ. be possessed by an evil spirit Mt 11:18; Lk 7:33; 8:27; J 7:20; 8:48f, 52; 10:20. Βεελζεβούλ Mk 3:22. πνεῦμα ἀκάθαρτον vs. 30; 7:25; Ac 8:7. πνεῦμα δαιμονίου ἀκαθάρτου Lk 4:33. πνεῦμα πονηρόν Ac 19:13. πνεῦμα ἄλαλον Mk 9:17. πνεῦμα ἀσθενείας spirit of sickness Lk 13:11. τὸν λεγιῶνα (the evil spirit called) Legion Mk 5:15.

β. gener. of conditions, characteristics, capabilities, emotions, inner possession: ἀγάπην ἔ. have love (cp. Diod S 3, 58, 3 φιλίαν ἔχειν; Just., D. 93, 4 φιλίαν ἢ ἀγάπην ἔχοντε) J 5:42; 13:35; 15:13; 1J 4:16; 1 Cor 13:1ff; 2 Cor 2:4; Phil 2:2; 1 Pt 4:8. ἀγνωσίαν θεοῦ fail to know God 1 Cor 15:34. ἁμαρτίαν J 9:41; 15:22a. ἀσθένειαν Hb 7:28. γνῶσιν 1 Cor 8:1, 10 (Just., A II, 13, 1; D. 28, 4). ἐλπίδα Ac 24:15; Ro 15:4; 2 Cor 3:12; 10:15; Eph 2:12; 1J 3:3 (Ath. 33, 1). ἐπιθυμίαν Phil 1:23. ἐπιποθίαν Ro 15:23b; ζῆλον ἔ. have zeal Ro 10:2. Have jealousy Js 3:14. θυμόν Rv 12:12. λύπην (ApcMos 3 p. 2, 16 Tdf.) J 16:21f; 2 Cor 2:3; Phil 2:27; μνείαν τινὸς ἔ. remember someone 1 Th 3:6. παρρησίαν Phlm 8; Hb 10:19; 1J 2:28; 3:21; 4:17; 5:14. πεποίθησιν 2 Cor 3:4; Phil 3:4. πίστιν Mt 17:20; 21:21; Mk 4:40; Ac 14:9; Ro 14:22; 1 Cor 13:2; 1 Ti 1:19 al. (Just., A I, 52, 1). προφητείαν have the gift of prophecy 1 Cor 13:2. σοφίαν (X., Mem. 2, 3, 10) Rv 17:9. συνείδησιν ἁμαρτιῶν Hb 10:2. καλὴν συνείδησιν 13:18; ἀγαθὴν ς. 1 Ti 1:19; 1 Pt 3:16; ἀπρόσκοπον ς. Ac 24:16; ὑπομονήν Rv 2:3. φόβον 1 Ti 5:20. χαράν Phlm 7. χάριν ἔ. τινί be grateful to someone Lk 17:9; 1 Ti 1:12; 2 Ti 1:3; σιγὴν ἔ. be silent Hs 9, 11, 5. ἀνάγκην ἔσχον I felt it necessary Jd 3 (HKoskenniemi, Studien zur Idee und Phraseologie des Griechischen Briefes bis 400 n. Chr. ’56, 78–87).

γ. of advantages, benefits, or comforts that one enjoys: ἔ. τὰ αἰτήματα to have been granted the requests 1J 5:15; ἀνάπαυσιν ἔ. have rest Rv 4:8; 14:11; ἀπόλαυσιν τινος ἔ. enjoy someth. Hb 11:25. βάθος γῆς Mt 13:5b; Mk 4:5b; γῆν πολλήν Mt 13:5a; Mk 4:5a. τὴν προσέλευσιν τὴν πρὸς τὸν κύριον AcPl Ha 8, 22f; εἰρήνην Ro 5:1. ἐλευθερίαν Gal 2:4. S. ἐξουσία, ἐπαγγελία, ἔπαινος, ζωή, ἰκμάς, καιρός, καρπός, καύχημα, καύχησις, λόγος, μισθός, νοῦς, πνεῦμα, προσαγωγή, πρόφασις, τιμή, χάρις (=favor), χάρισμα.

δ. of a sense of obligation in regard to someth.—W. dir. object have = have someth. over one, be under someth.: ἀνάγκην ἔχειν be under necessity 1 Cor 7:37a; w. inf. foll. have a need (ἀνάγκη 1) Lk 14:18; 23:16 v.l.; Hb 7:27; χρείαν ἔ. be in need abs. Eph 4:28b; τινός need someth. (Aeschyl. et al.; SIG 333, 20; 421, 35 al.; PPetr III, 42 G 9, 7 [III B.C.] ἐάν τινος χρείαν ἔχῃς; Ath. 13, 2 ποίας ἔτι χρείαν ἑκατόμβης ἔχει;) Mt 6:8; 9:12a; Mk 11:3; Lk 19:31, 34; J 13:29; 1 Cor 12:21; Hb 10:36 al.; w. inf. foll. (TestSol 13:2) Mt 3:14; 14:16; J 13:10; 1 Th 1:8; 4:9; 5:1. νόμον J 19:7. ἐπιταγήν 1 Cor 7:25. ἐντολήν (SIG 559, 9 ἔ. τὰς ἰντολάς; 1 Esdr 4:52; 2 Macc 3:13; Jos., Bell. 1, 261) Hb 7:5; 1J 2:7; 4:21; 2J 5; cp. J 14:21. διακονίαν 2 Cor 4:1. ἀγῶνα Phil 1:30; Col 2:1. πρᾶξιν Ro 12:4b. ἔγκλημα Ac 23:29. κόλασιν ApcPt Bodl. (ApcEsdr 1:22 p. 25, 17 Tdf.).

ε. of a sense of inevitability in respect to some action.—W. inf. foll. one must (Ps.-Callisth. 2, 1, 3 καθαιρεθῆναι ἔχεις=you must be deposed; Porphyr., Against the Christians 63 Harnack [ABA 1916] παθεῖν; Gen 18:31; Jos., Ant. 19, 348 τοῦ τεθνάναι; TestSol 5:12 σίδηρα ἔχεις φορέσαι; TestAbr A 18 p. 100, 22 [Stone p. 48] τοῦ βίου τοῦτου ἀπαλλάξαι εἶχες; Just., D. 51, 2 ἔργῳ πεισθήναι ὑμῶν ἐχόντων) βάπτισμα ἔχω βαπτισθῆναι I must undergo a baptism Lk 12:50. ἔχω σοί τι εἰπεῖν I have someth. to say to you (Lucian, Philops. 1 ἔχεις μοι εἰπεῖν. Without dat. Aelian, VH 2, 23; Jos., Ant. 16, 312) 7:40. καινόν σοι θέαμα ἔχω ἐξηγήσασθαι I have a wonderful new thing to tell you=‘I must tell you about something wonderful that I’ve just seen’ GJs 19:3. ἀπαγγεῖλαι Ac 23:17, 19; cp. vs. 18. πολλὰ γράφειν 2J 12; 3J 13.

ⓑ of temporal circumstances w. indications of time and age: πεντήκοντα ἔτη οὔπω ἔχεις you are not yet fifty years old J 8:57 (cp. Jos., Ant. 1, 198). τριάκοντα κ. ὀκτὼ ἔτη ἔχων ἐν τῇ ἀσθενείᾳ αὐτοῦ who had been sick for 38 years 5:5 (Cyranides p. 63, 25 πολὺν χρόνον ἔχων ἐν τῇ ἀρρωστίᾳ. W. cardinal numeral TestJob 26:1 δέκα ἑπτὰ ἔτη ἔχω ἐν ταῖς πληγαῖς; POxy 1862, 17 τέσσαρες μῆνας ἔχει. Mirac. S. Georgii 44, 7 [JAufhauser 1913] ἔσχεν … ἔτη ἑπτά); cp. Mt 9:20 v.l. τέσσαρας ἡμέρας ἔ. ἐν τῷ μνημείῳ have lain in the grave for four days J 11:17 (Jos., Ant. 7, 1 αὐτοῦ δύο ἡμέρας ἔχοντος ἐν τῇ Σεκέλλᾳ). πολὺν χρόνον ἔ. be (somewhere or in a certain condition) for a long time 5:6. ἡλικίαν ἔχειν be of age (Pla., Euthyd. 32, 306d; Plut., Mor. 547a; BGU 168 τοῖς ἀτελέσι ἔχουσι τὴν ἡλικίαν) 9:21, 23. τέλος ἔχειν have an end, be at an end (Lucian, Charon 17; UPZ 81 III, 20 [II A.D.] τέλος ἔχει πάντα; Ar. 4:2 ἀρχὴν καὶ τέλος) Mk 3:26; Lk 22:37 (on the latter pass. s. τέλος 2); cp. Hb 7:3.

⑧ as connective marker, to have or include in itself, bring about, cause w. acc. (Hom. et al.; Wsd 8:16) of ὑπομονή: ἔργον τέλειον Js 1:4. Of πίστις: ἔργα 2:17. Of φόβος: κόλασιν 1J 4:18. Of παρρησία: μεγάλην μισθαποδοσίαν Hb 10:35. Of πολυτέλεια: λύπην, χαράν Hs 1, 10. ἐσχάτην εὐλογίαν, ἥτις διαδοχὴν οὐκ ἔχει ultimate blessing, which has no successor GJs 6:2.

⑨ special combinations

ⓐ w. prep. ἐν: τὸν θεὸν ἔ. ἐν ἐπιγνώσει acknowledge God Ro 1:28 (cp. ἐν ὀργῇ ἔ. τινά=‘be angry at someone’, Thu. 2, 18, 5; 2, 21, 3; ἐν ὀρρωδίᾳ ἔ. τ. 2, 89, 1; ἐν ἡδονῇ ἔ. τ.=‘be glad to see someone’ 3, 9, 1; ἐν εὐνοίᾳ ἔ. Demosth. 18, 167). ἐν ἑτοίμῳ ἔ. 2 Cor 10:6 (ἕτοιμος b). ἐν ἐμοὶ οὐκ ἔχει οὐδέν he has no hold on me J 14:30 (Appian, Bell. Civ. 3, 32 §125 ἔχειν τι ἔν τινι=have someth. [hope of safety] in someone). κατά τινος: on 1 Cor 11:4 s. above 4. ἔ. τι κατά τινος have someth. against someone Mt 5:23; Mk 11:25; w. ὅτι foll. Rv 2:14. ἔ. κατά τινος w. sim. mng. Hm 2:2; Hs 9, 23, 2; w. ὅτι foll. Rv 2:4, 20. ἔ. τινὰ κατὰ πρόσωπον meet someone face to face Ac 25:16. μετά: ἔ. τι μετά τινος have someth. w. someone κρίματα lawsuits 1 Cor 6:7. περί: ἔ. περί τινος have (a word, a reference, an explanation) about someth. B 12:1; with adv. τελείως 10:10. πρός τινα have someth. against someone (Ps.-Callisth. 2, 21, 21 ὅσον τις ὑμῶν ἔχει πρὸς ἕτερον) Ac 24:19. ζητήματα ἔ. πρός τινα have differences w. someone (on points in question) 25:19. λόγον ἔ. πρός τινα 19:38. πρᾶγμα (=Lat. causa, ‘lawsuit’: BGU 19 I, 5; 361 II, 4) ἔ. πρός τινα (POxy 743, 19 [2 B.C.] εἰ πρὸς ἄλλους εἶχον πρᾶγμα; BGU 22:8) 1 Cor 6:1. ἵνα ἔχωσιν κατηγορίαν αὐτοῦ J 8:4 D (cp. 5 above). πρός τινα ἔ. μομφήν have a complaint against someone Col 3:13.

ⓑ τοῦτο ἔχεις ὅτι you have this (in your favor), that Rv 2:6. ἔ. ὁδόν be situated (a certain distance) away (cp. Peripl. Eryth. 37: Ὡραία ἔχουσα ὁδὸν ἡμερῶν ἑπτὰ ἀπὸ θαλάσσης) of the Mt. of Olives ὅ ἐστιν ἐγγὺς Ἰερουσαλὴμ σαββάτου ἔχον ὁδόν Ac 1:12.—ἴδε ἔχεις τὸ σόν here you have what is yours Mt 25:25. ἔχετε κουστωδίαν there you have a guard (=you can have a guard) 27:65 (cp. POxy 33 III, 4).

⑩ to be in some state or condition, act. intr. (spatially: Ath. 25, 1 οἱ ἄγγελοι … περὶ τόν ἀέρα ἔχοντες καὶ τὴν γῆν) w. adv. (Hom. et al.; ins, pap, LXX).

ⓐ impers. it is, the situation is (Himerius, Or. 48 [=Or. 14], 10 πῶς ὑμῖν ἔχειν ταῦτα δοκεῖ; =how does this situation seem to you? Just., D. 3, 5 τὸ … ὡσαύτως ἀεὶ ἔχων) ἄλλως 1 Ti 5:25. οὕτως (Antig. Car. 20; Cebes 4, 1; POxy 294, 11 [22 A.D.] εἰ ταῦτα οὕτως ἔχει; TestSol 20:8; Jos., Ant. 15, 261; Just., D. 3:5 οὐχ οὕτως ἔχει) Ac 7:1; 12:15; 17:11; 24:9. τὸ καλῶς ἔχον what is right 1 Cl 14:2 (Michel 543, 12 [c. 200 B.C.] καλῶς ἔχον ἐστὶ τιμᾶσθαι τοὺς εὔνους ἄνδρας). τὸ νῦν ἔχον for the present Ac 24:25 (cp. Plut., Mor. 749a; Lucian, Anachars. 40, Catapl. 13 τὸ δὲ νῦν ἔχον μὴ διάτριβε; Tob 7:11).

ⓑ pers. be (in a certain way) πῶς ἔχουσιν how they are Ac 15:36 (cp. Gen 43:27; Jos., Ant. 4, 112). ἑτοίμως ἔ. be ready, hold oneself in readiness w. inf. foll. (BGU 80, 17 [II A.D.] ἡ Σωτηρία ἑτοίμως ἔχουσα καταγράψαι; Da 3:15 LXX; Jos., Ant. 13, 6; Just., D. 50, 1) 21:13; 2 Cor 12:14; 1 Pt 4:5. Also ἐν ἑτοίμῳ ἔ. 2 Cor 10:6 (s. ἕτοιμος b end). εὖ ἔ. be well-disposed πρός τινα toward someone Hs 9, 10, 7 (cp. Demosth. 9, 63 ἥδιον ἔχειν πρός τινα; SIG 1094, 4 φιλανθρώπως ἔχει πρὸς πάντας). κακῶς ἔ. be sick (Aristoph. et al.; POxy 935, 15; Ezk 34:4) Mt 4:24; 8:16; 9:12b; 17:15 v.l. (see πάσχω 2). καλῶς ἔ. be well, healthy (Epict. 1, 11, 4; PGen 54, 8; PFlor 230, 24) Mk 16:18; ἐσχάτως ἔ. (s. ἐσχάτως) 5:23; κομψότερον ἔ. feel better (κομψῶς ἔ.: Epict. 2, 18, 14; 3, 10, 13; PParis 18; PTebt 414, 10 ἐὰν κομψῶς σχῶ) J 4:52.

⑪ to be closely associated, in a variety of renderings, hold fast, be next to, be next, mid. (Hom. et al.) in NT only ptc.

ⓐ of proper situation or placement, esp. of inner belonging hold fast, cling to. The ‘to’ of belonging and the ‘with’ of association are expressed by the gen. (Theognis 1, 32 ἀεὶ τῶν ἀγαθῶν ἔχεο=ever hold fast to the good people; X., Oec. 6, 1; Pla., Leg. 7, 811d; Lucian, Hermot. 69 ἐλπίδος οὐ μικρᾶς ἐχόμενα λέγεις; Sallust. 14 p. 26, 24 τ. θεῶν; Philo, Agr. 101 τὰ ἀρετῆς ἐχόμενα; Jos., Ant. 10, 204 οὐδὲν ἀνθρωπίνης σοφίας ἐχόμενον, C. Ap. 1, 83 παλαιᾶς ἱστορίας ἐχόμενον; Just., A I, 68, 1 λόγου καὶ ἀληθείας ἔχεσθαι; Tat. 33, 1 μανίας ἔχεται πολλῆς; Ath., R. 48, 3 λόγῳ … ἀληθείας ἐχομένῳ) τὰ ἐχόμενα σωτηρίας things that belong to salvation Hb 6:9.

ⓑ of proximity

α. spatial, to be next to someth: ἐχόμενος neighboring (Isocr. 4, 96 νῆσος; Hdt. 1, 134 al. οἱ ἐχόμενοι=‘the neighbors’; Diod S 5, 15, 1; Appian, Bell. Civ. 2, 71 §294; Arrian, Peripl. 7, 2; PParis 51, 5 and oft. in pap; 1 Esdr 4:42; Jos., Ant. 6, 6 πρὸς τὰς ἐχομένας πόλεις; 11, 340) κωμοπόλεις Mk 1:38.

β. temporal, to be next, immediately following (Thu. 6, 3, 2 τ. ἐχομένου ἔτους al.; SIG 800, 15; PRev 34, 20; PAmh 49, 4; PTebt 124, 43; LXX) τῇ ἐχομένῃ (sc. ἡμέρᾳ, as Polyb. 3, 112, 1; 5, 13, 9; 2 Macc 12:39; Jos., Ant. 6, 235; 7, 18 al.; cp. εἰς τὴν ἐχομένην [i.e. ἡμέραν] PMich 173, 16 [III B.C.]) on the next day Lk 13:33 (v.l. ἐρχομένῃ); Ac 20:15; w. ἡμέρᾳ added (PAmh 50, 17) 21:26. τῷ ἐχομένῳ σαββάτῳ 13:44 v.l. (for ἐρχομένῳ; cp. 1 Macc 4:28, where the witnesses are similarly divided).—On the whole word HHanse, ‘Gott Haben’ in d. Antike u. im frühen Christentum ’39.—B. 641; 740. EDNT. M-M. TW. Sv.

ποιέω, [dialect] Dor. [full] ποιϝέω IG4.800 ([place name] Troezen), etc.: [dialect] Ep. [tense] impf.

A

ποίεον Il. 20.147

; [var] contr.

ποίει 18.482

; [dialect] Ion.

ποιέεσκον Hdt.1.36

, 4.78: [tense] fut. ποιήσω: [tense] aor. ἐποίησα, [dialect] Ep.

ποίησα Il.18.490

: [tense] pf. πεποίηκα:—[voice] Med., [dialect] Ion. [tense] impf.

ποιεέσκετο Hdt.7.119

: [tense] fut.

ποιήσομαι Il.9.397

: in pass. sense, Hp.Decent.11, Arist.Metaph. 1021a23: [tense] aor. ἐποιησάμην, [dialect] Ep.

ποι- Od.5.251

, al.: [tense] pf. πεποίημαι in med. sense, And.4.22, Decr. ap. D. 18.29:—[voice] Pass., [tense] fut. ποιηθήσομαι ([etym.] μετα-) D.23.62, v. supr.;

πεποιήσομαι Hp.Mul.1.11

,37: [tense] aor.

ἐποιήθην Hdt.2.159

, etc. (used as [voice] Med. only in compd. προς-): [tense] pf.

πεποίημαι Il.6.56

, etc.:—[dialect] Att. [full] ποῶ (EM 679.24), etc., is guaranteed by metre in Trag. and Com., as

ποῶ S. OT 918

,

ποεῖν Id.Tr. 385

,

ποεῖς Ar.Ach. 410

, etc., and found in cod. Laur. of S., cod. Rav. of Ar., also IG12.39.6 ([etym.] ποήσω), 82.9 ([etym.] ποεῖ), 154.7 ([etym.] ἐποησάτην), etc.; but ποι- is always written before -οι, -ου, -ω in Inscrr.: πο- also in [dialect] Aeol.

πόημι πόης πόει PBouriant8.71

,75, Sapph. Supp.1.9, al., and Arc. ποέντω, = ποιούντων, IG5(2).6.9 (Tegea, iv B.C.); cf. ποιητής.

0-0 Used in two general senses, make and do.

A make, produce, first of something material, as manufactures, works of art, etc. (opp. πράττειν, Pl.Chrm. 163b), in Hom. freq. of building, π. δῶμα, τύμβον, Il.1.608,7.435;

εἴδωλον Od.4.796

; π. πύλας ἐν [πύργοις] Il.7.339; of smith's work, π. σάκος ib. 222;

ἐν [σάκεϊ] ποίει δαίδαλα πολλά 18.482

, cf. 490, 573: freq. in Inscrr. on works of art, Πολυμήδης ἐποίϝηh' (= ἐποίησε )

Ἀργεῖος SIG5

(vi B.C., cf. Class.Phil.20.139);

Θεόπροπος ἐποίει Αἰγινάτας SIG18

(vi/v B.C.), etc.; ἐποίησε Τερψικλῆς ib.3b(Milet., vi B.C.), etc.;

τίς.. τὴν λίθον ταύτην τέκτων ἐποίει; Herod.4.22

; εἵματα ἀπὸ ξύλων πεποιημένα made from trees, i.e. of cotton, Hdt.7.65;

ναὸν ἀπὸ τοῦ ἱεροῦ ἀργυρίου X.An. 5.3.9

;

πλοῖα ἐκ τῆς ἀκάνθης ποιεύμενα Hdt.2.96

;

καρβάτιναι πεποιημέναι ἐκ βοῶν X.An.4.5.14

: c. gen. materiae,

πωρίνου λίθου π. τὸν νηόν Hdt.5.62

;

ἔρυμα λίθων λογάδην πεποιημένον Th.4.31

;

φοίνικος αἱ θύραι πεποιημέναι X.Cyr.7.5.22

: rarely

ποιεῖσθαί τινι

to be made with..,

Longus 1.4

; also τῶν τὰ κέρεα.. οἱ πήχεες ποιεῦνται the horns of which are made into the sides of the lyre, Hdt.4.192; also δέρμα εἰς περικεφαλαίας πεποίηται Sch.Patm.D.in BCH1.144:—[voice] Med., make for oneself, as of bees, οἰκία ποιήσωνται build them houses, Il.12.168, cf. 5.735, Od.5.251, 259, Hes.Op. 503; [ῥεῖθρον] π., of a river, Thphr. HP3.1.5; also, have a thing made, get it made,

ὀβελούς Hdt.2.135

;

στεφάνους οὓς ἐποιησάμην τῷ χορῷ D.21.16

, cf. X.An.5.3.5; τὸν Ἀπόλλω, i.e. a statue of A., Pl.Ep. 361a;

αὑτοῦ εἰκόνας Plu. Them.5

, cf. Inscr.Prien.25.9 (iii B.C.?).

2 create, bring into existence,

γένος ἀνθρώπων χρύσεον Hes.Op. 110

, cf. Th. 161, 579, etc.;

ὁ ποιῶν

the creator,

Pl.Ti. 76c

;

ἕτερον Φίλιππον ποιήσετε D.4.11

:—[voice] Med., beget,

υἱόν And.1.124

;

ἔκ τινος Id.4.22

; παῖδας ποιεῖσθαι, = παιδοποιεῖσθαι, X.Cyr.5.3.19, D.57.43; conceive,

παιδίον π. ἔκ τινος Pl.Smp. 203b

:—[voice] Act. in this sense only in later Gr., Plu.2.312a; of the woman, παιδίον ποιῆσαι ib.145d.

3 generally, produce, ὕδωρ π., of Zeus, Ar.V. 261: impers., ἐὰν πλείω ποιῇ ὕδατα, = ἐὰν ὕη, Thphr.CP1.19.3; π. γάλα, of certain kinds of food, Arist.HA 522b32; ἄρρεν π., of an egg, Ael.VH1.15; μέλι ἄριστον π., of Hymettus, Str.9.1.23; π. καρπόν, of trees, Ev.Matt.3.10 (metaph. in religious sense, ib.8); of men, κριθὰς π. grow barley, Ar. Pax 1322;

π. σίτου μεδίμνους D.42.20

; π. πενίαν, πλοῦτον, of the stars, Plot.2.3.1.

b Math., make, produce, τομήν, σχῆμα, ὀρθὰς γωνίας, Archim. Sph.Cyl.1.16,38, Con.Sph.12;

ὁ Α τὸν Γ πολλαπλασιάσας τὸν Η πεποίηκεν Euc.7.19

:—[voice] Pass., πεποιήσθω ὡς.. let it be contrived that.., Archim. Sph.Cyl.2.6.

c postulate, imply,

ἡ προσθήκη ἀφαίρεσιν καὶ ἔλλειψιν ποιεῖ Plot.3.9.3

.

d π. τὸ πρόβλημα effect a solution of the problem, Apollon.Perg.Con.2.49,51; π. τὸ ἐπίταγμα fulfil, satisfy the required condition, Archim.Sph.Cyl.1.2,3.

4 after Hom., of Poets, compose, write, π. διθύραμβον, ἔπεα, Hdt.1.23, 4.14;

π. θεογονίην Ἕλλησι Id.2.53

; π. Φαίδραν, Σατύρους, Ar.Th. 153, 157; π. κωμῳδίαν, τραγῳδίαν, etc., Pl.Smp. 223d;

παλινῳδίαν Isoc.10.64

, Pl.Phdr. 243b, etc.;

ποιήματα Id.Phd. 60d

: abs., write poetry, write as a poet,

ὀρθῶς π. Hdt.3.38

;

ἐν τοῖσι ἔπεσι π. Id.4.16

, cf. Pl. Ion 534b: folld. by a quotation,

ἐπόησάς ποτε.. Ar.Th. 193

;

εἴς τινα Pl.Phd. 61b

;

περὶ θεῶν Id.R. 383a

, etc.

b represent in poetry,

Ὅμηρον Ἀχιλλέα πεποιηκέναι ἀμείνω Ὀδυσσέως Pl.Hp.Mi. 369c

, cf. 364c, Smp. 174b; ποιήσας τὸν Ἀχιλλέα λέγοντα having represented Achilles saying, Plu.2.105b, cf. 25d, Pl. Grg. 525d, 525e, Arist.Po. 1453b29.

c describe in verse,

θεὸν ἐν ἔπεσιν Pl.R. 379a

; ἐποίησα μύθους τοὺς Αἰσώπου put them into verse, Id.Phd. 61b;

μῦθον Lycurg.100

.

d invent,

καινοὺς θεούς Pl.Euthphr.3b

; ὑπὸ ποιητέω τινὸς ποιηθὲν [τοὔνομα] Hdt.3.115;

πεποιημένα ὀνόματα Arist.Rh. 1404b29

, cf.Po. 1457b2; opp. αὐτοφυῆ, κύρια, D.H.Is.7, Pomp. 2.

II bring about, cause,

τελευτήν Od.1.250

;

γαλήνην 5.452

;

φόβον Il.12.432

;

σιωπὴν παρὰ πάντων X.HG6.3.10

;

τέρψιν τοῖς θεωμένοις Id.Mem.3.10.8

;

αἰσχύνην τῇ πόλει Isoc.7.54

, etc.; also of things,

ἄνεμοι αὐτοὶ μὲν οὐχ ὁρῶνται· ἃ δὲ ποιοῦσι φανερά X.Mem.4.3.14

;

ταὐτὸν ἐποίει αὐτοῖς νικᾶν τε μαχομένοις καὶ μηδὲ μάχεσθαι Th.7.6

, cf. 2.89.

b c. acc. et inf., cause or bring about that..,

σε θεοὶ ποίησαν ἱκέσθαι [ἐς] οἶκον Od.23.258

;

π. τινὰ κλύειν S.Ph. 926

;

π. τινὰ βλέψαι Ar.Pl. 459

, cf. 746;

π. τινὰ τριηραρχεῖν Id.Eq. 912

, cf. Av.59; π. τινὰ αἰσχύνεσθαι, κλάειν, ἀπορεῖν, etc., X.Cyr.4.5.48, 2.2.13, Pl.Tht. 149a, etc.: with ὥστε inserted, X.Cyr.3.2.29, Ar.Eq. 351, etc.: folld. by a relat. clause,

π. ὅκως ἔσται ἡ Κύπρος ἐλευθέρη Hdt.5.109

, cf. 1.209;

ὡς ἂν.. εἰδείην ἐποίουν X.Cyr.6.3.18

:—also [voice] Med., ἐποιήσατο ὡς ἐν ἀσφαλεῖ εἶεν ib.6.1.23.

2 procure,

π. ἄδειάν τε καὶ κάθοδόν τινι Th.8.76

;

ὁ νόμος π. τὴν κληρονομίαν τισί Is.11.1

; λόγος ἀργύριον τῷ λέγοντι π. gets him money, D.10.76:—[voice] Med., procure for oneself, gain,

κλέος αὐτῇ ποιεῖτ' Od.2.126

;

ἄδειαν Th.6.60

;

τιμωρίαν ἀπό τινων Id.1.25

;

τὸν βίον ἀπὸ γεωργίας X.Oec.6.11

, cf. Th.1.5.

3 of sacrifices, festivals, etc., celebrate,

π. ἱρά Hdt.9.19

, cf. 2.49 ([voice] Act. and [voice] Pass.);

π. τὴν θυσίαν τῷ Ποσειδῶνι X.HG4.5.1

; π. Ἴσθμια ib.4.5.2;

τῇ θεῷ ἑορτὴν δημοτελῆ π. Th.2.15

;

παννυχίδα π. Pl.R. 328a

; π. σάββατα observe the Sabbath, LXXEx.31.16; π. ταφάς, of a public funeral, Pl. Mx. 234b;

π. ἐπαρήν SIG38.30

(Teos, v B.C.); also of political assemblies,

π. ἐκκλησίαν Ar.Eq. 746

, Th.1.139;

π. μυστήρια Id.6.28

([voice] Pass.);

ξύλλογον σφῶν αὐτῶν Id.1.67

:—[voice] Med.,

ἀγορὴν ποιήσατο Il.8.2

;

ἢν θυσίην τις ποιῆται Hdt.6.57

(v.l.);

δημοσίᾳ ταφὰς ἐποιήσαντο Th.2.34

;

π. ἀγῶνα Id.4.91

;

π. ἐκκλησίαν τοῖς Γρᾳξὶ περὶ μισθοῦ Ar.Ach. 169

.

4 of war and peace, πόλεμον π. cause or give rise to a war,

πόλεμον ἡμῖν ἀντ' εἰρήνης πρὸς Αακεδαιμονίους π. Is.11.48

; but π. ποιησόμενοι about to make war (on one's own part), X.An.5.5.24; εἰρήνην π. bring about a peace (for others), Ar. Pax 1199;

σπονδὰς π. X.An.4.3.14

;

ξυμμαχίαν ποιῆσαι Th.2.29

; but εἰρήνην ποιεῖσθαι make peace (for oneself), And.3.11;

σπονδὰς ποιήσασθαι Th.1.28

, etc.:—[voice] Pass.,

ἐπεποίητο συμμαχίη Hdt.1.77

, etc.

5 freq. in [voice] Med. with Nouns periphr. for the Verb derived from the Noun, μύθου ποιήσασθαι ἐπισχεσίην submit a plea, Od.21.71; ποιέεσθαι ὁδοιπορίην, for ὁδοιπορέειν, Hdt.2.29;

π. ὁδόν Id.7.42

, 110, 112, etc.; π. πλόον, for πλέειν, Id.6.95, cf. Antipho 5.21; π. κομιδήν, for κομίζεσθαι, Hdt.6.95; θῶμα π. τὴν ἐργασίην, for θωμάζειν, Id.1.68; ὀργὴν π., for ὀργίζεσθαι, Id.3.25; λήθην π. τι, for λανθάνεσθαί τινος, Id.1.127; βουλὴν π., for βουλεύεσθαι, Id.6.101; συμβολὴν π., for συμβάλλεσθαι, Id.9.45; τὰς μάχας π., for μάχεσθαι, S.El. 302, etc.; καταφυγὴν π., for καταφεύγειν, Antipho 1.4; ἀγῶνα π., for ἀγωνίζεσθαι, Th.2.89; π. λόγον [τινός] make account of.., Hdt.7.156; but τοὺς λόγους π. hold a conference, Th.1.128; also simply for λέγειν, Lys.25.2, cf. Pl.R. 527a, etc.; also π. δι' ἀγγέλου, π. διὰ χρηστηρίων, communicate by a messenger, an oracle, Hdt.6.4, 8.134.

III with Adj. as predic., make, render so and so, ποιῆσαί τινα ἄφρονα make one senseless, Od.23.12; [δῶρα] ὄλβια ποιεῖν make them blest, i.e. prosper them, 13.42, cf. Il.12.30;

τοὺς Μήδους ἀσθενεῖς π. X.Cyr.1.5.2

, etc.;

χρήσιμον ἐξ ἀχρήστου π. Pl.R. 411b

: with a Subst., ποιῆσαι ἀθύρματα make into playthings, Il. 15.363;

ποιεῖν τινα βασιλῆα Od.1.387

;

ταμίην ἀνέμων 10.21

;

γέροντα 16.456

;

ἄκοιτίν τινι Il.24.537

;

γαμβρὸν ἑόν Hes.Th. 818

; [

μύρμηκας] ἄνδρας π. [καὶ] γυναῖκας Id.Fr.76.5

;

πολιήτας π. τινάς Hdt.7.156

;

Ἀθηναῖον π. τινά Th.2.29

, etc.;

π. τινὰ παράδειγμα Isoc.4.39

: hence, appoint, instal,

τὸν Μωϋσῆν καὶ τὸν Ἀαρών LXX 1 Ki.12.6

;

δώδεκα Ev.Marc.3.14

:—[voice] Med., ποιεῖσθαί τινα ἑταῖρον make him one's friend, Hes. Op. 707, cf. 714; π. τινὰ ἄλοχον or ἄκοιτιν take her to oneself as wife, Il.3.409, 9.397, cf. Od.5.120, etc.; π. τινὰ παῖδα make him one's son, i.e. adopt him as son, Il.9.495, etc.; θετὸν παῖδα π. adopt a son, Hdt. 6.57: without υἱόν, adopt,

ἐπειδὴ οὐκ ἦσαν αὐτῷ παῖδες ἄρρενες, π. Λεωκράτη D.41.3

, cf. 39.6,33, 44.25, Pl.Lg. 923c, etc.;

π. τινὰ θυγατέρα Hdt.4.180

: generally,

ἅπαντας ἢ σῦς ἠὲ λύκους π. Od.10.433

;

π. τινὰ πολίτην Isoc.9.54

;

μαθητήν Pl.Cra. 428b

;

τὰ κρέα π. εὔτυκα Hdt. 1.119

; τὰ ἔπεα ἀπόρρητα π. making them a secret, Id.9.45, etc.; also ἑωυτοῦ ποιέεται τὸ.. ἔργον makes it his own, Id.1.129;

μηδ' ἃ μὴ 'θιγες ποιοῦ σεαυτῆς S.Ant. 547

.

IV put in a certain place or condition, etc.,

ἐμοὶ Ζεὺς.. ἐνὶ φρεσὶν ὧδε νόημα ποίησ' Od.14.274

;

σφῶϊν ὧδε θεῶν τις ἐνὶ φρεσὶ ποιήσειεν Il.13.55

;

αἲ γὰρ τοῦτο θεοὶ ποιήσειαν ἐπὶ νόον νησιώτῃσι Hdt.1.27

, cf. 71;

ἐν αἰσχύνῃ π. τὴν πόλιν D.18.136

;

τὰς ναῦς ἐπὶ τοῦ ξηροῦ π. Th.1.109

;

ἔξω κεφαλὴν π. Hdt.5.33

;

ἔξω βελῶν τὴν τάξιν π. X.Cyr.4.1.3

;

ἐμαυτὸν ὡς πορρωτάτω π. τῶν ὑποψιῶν Isoc.3.37

; of troops, form them,

ὡς ἂν κράτιστα.. X.An.5.2.11

, cf. 3.4.21; in politics,

ἐς ὀλίγους τὰς ἀρχὰς π. Th.8.53

; and in war, π. Γετταλίαν ὑπὸ Φιλίππῳ bring it under his power, D.18.48;

μήτε τοὺς νόμους μήθ' ὑμᾶς αὐτοὺς ἐπὶ τοῖς λέγουσι π. Id.58.61

:—[voice] Med.,

ποιέεσθαι ὑπ' ἑωυτῷ Hdt.1.201

, cf.5.103, etc.;

ὑπὸ χεῖρα X.Ages.1.22

; π. τινὰς ἐς φυλακήν, τὰ τῶν ξυμμάχων ἐς ἀσφάλειαν, Th.3.3, 8.1;

τινὰς ἐς τὸ συμμαχικόν Hdt.9.106

; τὰ λεπτὰ πλοῖα ἐντὸς π. put the small vessels in the middle, Th.2.83, cf. 6.67; π. τινὰ ἐκποδών (v. ἐκποδών)

; ὄπισθεν π. τὸν ποταμόν X.An. 1.10.9

.

2 Math., multiply, π. τὰ ιβ ἐπὶ τὰ έ, τὰ ζ ἐφ' ἑαυτὰ π., Hero Metr.1.8, 2.14.

V [voice] Med., deem, consider, reckon a thing as.., συμφορὴν ποιέεσθαί τι take it for a misfortune, Hdt.1.83, 6.61; δεινὸν π. τι esteem it a grievous thing, take it ill, Id.1.127, etc. (rarely in [voice] Act.,

δεινὰ π. 2.121

.έ, Th.5.42); μέγα π. c. inf., deem it a great matter that.., Hdt.8.3, cf. 3.42, etc.;

μεγάλα π. ὅτι.. Id.1.119

; ἑρμαῖον π. τι count it clear gain, Pl.Grg. 489c;

οὐκέτι ἀνασχετὸν π. τι Th.1.118

: freq. with Preps., δι' οὐδενὸς π. deem of no account, S.OC 584; ἐν ἐλαφρῷ, ἐν ὁμοίῳ π., Hdt.1.118,7.138;

ἐν σμικρῷ μέρει S.Ph. 498

;

ἐν ὀλιγωρίᾳ Th.4.5

;

ἐν ὀργῇ D.1.16

; ἐν νόμῳ π. consider as lawful, Hdt. 1.131; ἐν ἀδείῃ π. consider as safe, Id.9.42;

παρ' ὀλίγον π. τι X. An.6.6.11

; περὶ πολλοῦ π., Lat. magni facere, Lys.1.1, etc.; περὶ πλείονος, περὶ πλείστου π., Id.14.40, Pl.Ap. 21e, etc.; περὶ ὀλίγου, περὶ ἐλάττονος, Isoc.17.58, 18.63;

περὶ παντός Id.2.15

(rarely

πολλοῦ π. τι Pl.Prt. 328d

); πρὸ πολλοῦ π. c. inf., Isoc.5.138.

VI put the case, assume that..,

ποιήσας ἀν' ὀγδώκοντα ἄνδρας ἐνεῖναι Hdt.7.184

, cf. 186, X.An.5.7.9: without inf., ἐν ἑκάστῃ ψυχῇ ποιήσωμεν περιστερεῶνά τινα (sc. εἶναι) Pl.Tht. 197d:—[voice] Pass., πεποιήσθω δή be it assumed then, ib.e;

οἱ φιλοσοφώτατοι ποιούμενοι

those who are reputed..,

Id.R. 498a

, cf. 538c, 573b:—but for τὸν φιλόσοφον ποιώμεθα νομίζειν ib. 581d read τί οἰώμεθα..;

VII of Time, οὐ π. χρόνον make no long time, i. e. not to delay, D.19.163 codd.; μακρότερον ποιεῖς you are taking too long, PCair.Zen.48.4 (iii B.C.); μέσας π. νύκτας let midnight come, Pl.Phlb. 50d, cf. AP11.85 (Lucill.); ἔξω μέσων νυκτῶν π. τὴν ὥραν put off the time of business to past midnight, D.54.26; τὴν νύκτα ἐφ' ὅπλοις ποιεῖσθαι spend it under arms, Th.7.28(s.v.l.);

ποιήσουσιν ἐν πλούτῳ ἔτη πολλά LXXPr.13.23

, cf. To.10.7;

δύο ἡμέρας ποιεῖ ἐν τῷ Ἀνουβιείῳ UPZ70.21

(ii B.C.), cf. PSI4.362.15 (iii B.C.);

τὰς ἡμέρας ἐν τοῖς ὕδασι π. D.S.1.35

; tarry, stay,

μῆνας τρεῖς Act.Ap. 20.3

, cf. AP11.330 (Nicarch.).

VIII in later Greek, sacrifice,

μοσχάριον LXXEx.29.36

; καρπώσεις ὑπέρ τινος ib.Jb.42.8: without acc., π. Ἀστάρτῃ sacrifice to Ashtoreth, ib.3 Ki.11.33.

IX make ready, prepare, as food, μοσχάριον ib.Ge.18.7 sq.; π. τὸν μύστακα trim it, ib.2 Ki.19.24(25).

X ποιεῖν βασιλέα play the king, ib.3 Ki.20 (21).7.

B do, much like πράσσω, οὐδὲν ἂν ὧν νυνὶ πεποίηκεν ἔπραξεν D. 4.5;

περὶ ὧν πράττει καὶ μέλλει ποιεῖν Id.8.2

, cf. 18.62;

ἄριστα πεποίηται Il.6.56

;

πλείονα χρηστὰ περὶ τὴν πόλιν Ar.Eq. 811

;

τὰ δίκαια τοῖς εὐεργέταις D.20.12

;

ἅμα ἔπος τε καὶ ἔργον ἐποίεε Hdt.3.134

fin.; ποιέειν Σπαρτιητικά act like a Spartan, Id.5.40;

οὗτος τί ποιεῖς; A. Supp. 911

, etc.;

τὸ προσταχθὲν π. S.Ph. 1010

; π. τὴν μουσικήν practise it, Pl.Phd. 60e, etc.; πᾶν or πάντα π., v. πᾶς D. 111.2, etc.: Math., ὅπερ ἔδει ποιῆσαι, = Q.E.F., Euc.1.1, etc.

2 c. dupl. acc., do something to another, κακά or ἀγαθὰ ποιεῖν τινα, first in Hdt.3.75, al.; ἀγαθόν, κακὸν π. τινά, Isoc.16.50, etc.;

μεγάλα τὴν πόλιν ἀγαθά Din.1.17

; also

εὖ ποιεῖν τὸν εὖ ποιοῦντα X.Mem.2.3.8

; τὴν ἐκείνου (sc. χώραν)

κακῶς π. D.1.18

; in LXX with Prep.,

π. κακὸν μετά τινων Ge. 26.29

;

ταῦτα τοῦτον ἐποίησα Hdt.1.115

;

κοὐκ οἶδ' ὅ τι χρῆμά με ποιεῖς Ar.V. 697

, cf. Nu. 259; also of things, ἀργύριον τωὐτὸ τοῦτο ἐποίεε he did this same thing with silver, Hdt.4.166: less freq. c. dat. pers.,

τῷ τεθνεῶτι μηδὲν τῶν νομιζομένων π. Is.4.19

;

ἵππῳ τἀναντία X.Eq.9.12

codd., cf. Ar.Nu. 388, D.29.37: c. dat. rei,

τί ποιήσωμεν κιβωτῷ; LXX 1 Ki.5.8

:—in [voice] Med.,

φίλα ποιέεσθαί τισι Hdt.2.152

,5.37.

3 with an Adv., ὧδε ποίησον do thus, Id.1.112; πῶς ποιήσεις; how will you act? S.OC 652;

πῶς δεῖ ποιεῖν περὶ θυσίας X.Mem.1.3.1

;

ποίει ὅπως βούλει Id.Cyr.1.4.9

;

μὴ ἄλλως π. Pl.R. 328d

; πρὸς τοὺς πολεμίους πῶς ποιήσουσιν; ib. 469b; ὀρθῶς π. ib. 403e; εὖ, κακῶς π. τινά, v. supr. 2: freq. c. part.,

εὖ ἐποίησας ἀπικόμενος Hdt.5.24

, cf. Pl.Phd. 60c;

καλῶς ποιεῖς προνοῶν X.Cyr.7.4.13

;

οἷον ποιεῖς ἡγούμενος Pl.Chrm. 166c

; καλῶς ποιῶν almost Adverbial,

καλῶς γ', ἔφη, ποιῶν σύ Id.Smp. 174e

;

καλῶς ποιοῦντες.. πράττετε D.20.110

, cf. 1.28;

εὖ ποιοῦν

fortunately,

Id.23.143

.

4 in Prose (rarely in Poetry, A.Pr. 935), used in the second clause, to avoid repeating the Verb of the first, ἐρώτησον αὐτούς· μᾶλλον δ' ἐγὼ τοῦθ' ὑπὲρ σοῦ ποιήσω I will do this for you, D.18.52, cf. 292, Hdt.5.97, Is.7.35.

II abs., to be doing, act,

ποιέειν ἢ παθεῖν πρόκειται ἀγών Hdt.7.11

; ποιεῖν, as a category, opp. πάσχειν, Arist.Cat. 2a3, cf. GC 322b11, Ph. 225b13.

b of medicine, operate, be efficacious, Pl.Phd. 117b;

λουτρὰ κάλλιστα ποιοῦντα πρὸς νόσους Str. 5.3.6

; πρὸς στραγγουρίαν, πρὸς τοὺς δαιμονιζομένους, Thphr.HP7.14.1, Ps.-Plu.Fluv.16.2: freq. in Dsc.,

πρὸς ἐπιλημπτικούς 1.6

, al.;

εἰς τὰ αὐτά 2.133

: c. dat.,

στομαχικοῖς Gal.13.183

: abs., ἄκρως π. ib.265; also of charms, PMag.Osl.1.361.

2 Th. has a peculiar usage, ἡ εὔνοια παρὰ πολὺ ἐποίει μᾶλλον ἐς τοὺς Λακεδαιμονίους good-will made greatly for, on the side of, the L., 2.8: impers., ἐπὶ πολὺ ἐποίει τῆς δόξης τοῖς μὲν ἠπειρώταις εἶναι, τοῖς δέ.. it was the general character of the one to be landsmen, of the others.., 4.12: the former passage is imitated by Arr.An.2.2.3, App.BC1.82, D.C.57.6.

C [voice] Med., = προσποιέομαι, pretend, c. inf., Zos.2.14.1, Procop.Arc. 10. ( ποιϝέω perh. from Ποι-ϝό-ς (in κλινοποιός, νεωποιός, τραπεζοποιός, etc.) 'builder', 'maker', cf. Skt. cinóti, cáyati 'arrange in order', 'build'.)

οὐ (Hom.+; s. Schwyzer II 591–94) objective (as opp. to subjective μή) negative adv., denying the reality of an alleged fact; in the NT used w. the ind. (μή serves as the neg. for the other moods, including inf. and ptc.—w. certain exceptions, which will be discussed below. S. B-D-F §426; Rob. 1168f; Mlt-Turner 281f). Before vowels w. the smooth breathing it takes the form οὐκ; before those w. the rough breathing it is οὐχ; in the mss. this rule is freq. disregarded (W-S. §5, 10bc; B-D-F §14; Rob. 224). On its use s. B-D-F §426–33; Rdm.² p. 210ff; Rob. 1155–66.

① a negative response to a question or statement, as accented form, οὔ: no Mt 13:29 (Schwyzer II 596f); J 1:21; 7:12; 21:5. ἤτω ὑμῶν τὸ οὒ οὔ let your ‘no’ be ‘no’ Js 5:12. Doubled for emphasis (s. ναί e.—οὒ οὔ Nicetas Eugen. 5, 76 H. Likew. μὴ μή=no, no! [Herodas 3, 71; Meleager, I B.C., in Anth. Pal. 12, 80, 3; Psellus p. 268, 15 μὴ μὴ μάγιστρε]) Mt 5:37; 2 Cor 1:17ff. On οὐ μὲν οὖν s. οὐμενοῦν.

② marker of negative propositions, not

ⓐ used to negative single words or clauses (Ar. 13, 7 μῦθοί εἰσι καὶ οὐκ ἄλλο τι; Just., A II, 2, 2 οὐ σωφρόνως; Tat. 5, 1 οὐ κατὰ ἀποκοπήν;—as earlier Gk.: Hom. et al.; s. Kühner-G. II, 182; Schwyzer II 593f)

α. οὐ πᾶς not every one Mt 7:21. οὐ πάντες 19:11; Ro 9:6; 10:16. πάντες οὐ κοιμηθησόμεθα we shall not all fall asleep 1 Cor 15:51 (s. JBurn, ET, 1926, 236f; POppenheim, TQ 112, ’31, 92–135; AVaccari, Biblica 13, ’32, 73–76; B-D-F §433, 2; Rob. 753). Likew. transposed διατί πάντες οὐ μετενόησαν; why have not all repented? Hs 8, 6, 2. οὐ πᾶσα σάρξ 1 Cor 15:39. οὐ πάντως Ro 3:9; 1 Cor 5:10.—καλέσω τὸν οὐ λαόν μου λαόν μου those who were not my people I will call my people Ro 9:25a (Hos 2:25b); cp. 1 Pt 2:10. οὐκ ἔθνος no nation at all Ro 10:19 (Dt 32:21).

β. freq. in litotes (cp. Lysias 13, 62 εἰ μὲν οὐ πολλοὶ ἦσαν Tat. 3, 2) οὐ πολλοί, πολλαί J 2:12; Ac 1:5 (οὐ μετὰ πολλὰς ἡμέρας = μετʼ οὐ πολλ. ἡμ.; cp. οὐκ ἐξ ὄντων = ἐξ οὐκ ὄντων 2 Macc 7:28). οὐκ ὀλίγος, ὀλίγη, ὀλίγοι, ὀλίγαι Ac 17:4, 12; 19:23f; 27:20. οὐκ ἄσημος 21:39. οὐχ ἁγνῶς Phil 1:17. οὐ μετρίως Ac 20:12. οὐκ ἐκ μέτρου J 3:34. μετʼ οὐ πολύ soon (afterward) Ac 27:14 S. also δ below.

γ. not in a contrast τῷ κυρίῳ καὶ οὐκ ἀνθρώποις Col 3:23. τρέχω ὡς οὐκ ἀδήλως 1 Cor 9:26.

δ. as a periphrasis for some concepts expressed by verbs: οὐκ ἀγνοεῖν know quite well 2 Cor 2:11. οὐκ ἐᾶν prevent Ac 16:7 (cp. Il. 2, 132); 19:30. οὐκ ἔχειν be in need Mt 13:12; Mk 4:25 (on these two pass. s. Schwyzer II 593, w. ref. to Kühner-G. II 189–92; contrast the use of μή in Lk 8:18). οὐ θέλειν refuse 2 Th 3:10. οὐ πταίειν Js 3:2. οὐχ ὑπακούειν be disobedient 2 Th 3:14. οὐ φιλεῖν be unfriendly to, disesteem 1 Cor 16:22.

ⓑ used sometimes w. the ptc. From a above are derived the points under which this is done, contrary to the rule given at beg. of entry. In addition, it is prob. that in individual cases earlier literary influence is still at work (for earlier Gk. s. Kühner-G. II 198–203. μή suggests contingency).—B-D-F §430; Mlt. 231f (w. pap exx.; cp. Just., A I, 33, 4 οὐ συνουσιασθεῖσαν τὴν παρθένον; 67, 5 τοῖς οὐ παροῦσι al.); Rdm.² 212; Mlt-Turner 284f.

α. to negative a single concept: πράγματα οὐ βλεπόμενα things not seen Hb 11:1. οὐχ ὁ τυχών extraordinary Ac 19:11; 28:2 (cp. Com. Att. Fgm. III 442 no. 178 οὐδὲ τοῖς τυχοῦσι). θλιβόμενοι ἀλλʼ, οὐ στενοχωρούμενοι 2 Cor 4:8; cp. vs. 9.

β. in strong emphasis or contrast: ἄνθρωπον οὐκ ἐνδεδυμένον ἔνδυμα γάμου (emphasizing the fact that his dress was improper) Mt 22:11. οὐ προσδεξάμενοι τὴν ἀπολύτρωσιν (emphasizing the great heroism of their act) Hb 11:35. οὐ βλέπων Lk 6:42. οὐκ ἰδόντες 1 Pt 1:8. οὐκ ὄντος αὐτῷ τέκνου Ac 7:5.—Contrast: Ac 28:19. τότε μὲν οὐκ εἰδότες θεὸν … νῦν δέ Gal 4:8. καὶ οὐ introducing a contrast is also used w. the ptc. καὶ οὐκ ἐν σαρκὶ πεποιθότες Phil 3:3. καὶ οὐ κρατῶν Col 2:19. ὁ μισθωτὸς καὶ οὐκ ὢν ποιμήν J 10:12.

γ. In quotations fr. the LXX in the NT we notice the tendency of the OT translators regularly to render לֹא w. the ptc. by οὐ: ἡ οὐ τίκτουσα, ἡ οὐκ ὠδίνουσα Gal 4:27 (Is 54:1). τὴν οὐκ ἠγαπημένην Ro 9:25b (Hos 2:25a). οἱ οὐκ ἠλεημένοι 1 Pt 2:10 (Hos 1:6).

δ. τὰ οὐκ ἀνήκοντα Eph 5:4 v.l. is presumably a mingling of τὰ μὴ ἀνήκοντα and (the rdg. in the text itself) ἃ οὐκ ἀνῆκεν (as early as P⁴⁶).

ⓒ in main clauses

α. in simple statements w. the indic. οὐκ ἐγίνωσκεν αὐτήν Mt 1:25. οὐ δύνασθε θεῷ δουλεύειν καὶ μαμωνᾷ 6:24. οὐκ ἤφιεν λαλεῖν τὰ δαιμόνια Mk 1:34. οὐκ ἦν αὐτοῖς τέκνον Lk 1:7. οὐχ ὑμῶν ἐστιν Ac 1:7. οὐ γάρ ἐπαισχύνομαι τὸ εὐαγγέλιον Ro 1:16 and very oft. οὐ γάρ σου ἠκούσαμέν ποτε AcPlCor 1:14.

β. used to negative the prohibitive future (Hebr. לֹא w. the impf.—Synes., Ep. 67 p. 211b οὐκ ἀγνοήσεις) οὐ φονεύσεις Mt 5:21; cp. vs. 27; Mt 19:18; Ro 7:7; 13:9 (all commandments fr. the Decalogue: Ex 20:13–17; Dt 5:17–21). Also οὐκ ἐπιορκήσεις Mt 5:33. οὐκ ἐκπειράσεις κύριον Lk 4:12 (Dt 6:16); Ac 23:5 (Ex 22:27); 1 Cor 9:9 (Dt 25:4).—Mt 6:5.

ⓓ in subordinate clauses

α. in relative clauses w. indic. (in the NT, μή is found in such clauses only Tit 1:11; 2 Pt 1:9; 1J 4:3 [but s. B-D-F §428, 4 and Rob. 1158]; Ac 15:29 D; Col 2:18 v.l.): Mt 10:38; 12:2; Mk 4:25 (s. 2aδ above) Lk 6:2; J 6:64; Ro 15:21 (Is 52:15); Gal 3:10 (Dt 27:26) al.

β. in declarative clauses w. ὅτι, likew. in temporal and causal clauses w. ind.: ὅτι οὐ J 5:42; 1 Th 2:1. ὁ ἀρνούμενος ὅτι Ἰησοῦς οὐκ ἔστιν ὁ Χριοτός 1J 2:22 (on the negative here s. ἀρνέομαι 2).—ἐπει οὐ Lk 1:34. ὅτε οὐ 2 Ti 4:3.—εἰ οὐ w. indic.: εἰ οὐ δώσει αὐτῷ Lk 11:8; cp. ὅστις (ὸ̔ς) οὐκ ἔχει Mt 13:12 and Mk 4:25=ὸ̔ς ἂν μὴ ἔχει Lk 8:18 (Schwyzer II 593). εἰ ἐν τῷ ἀλλοτρίῳ πιστοὶ οὐκ ἐγένεσθε 16:12; Mk 11:26; Lk 18:4; J 1:25; 10:37; Ro 8:9b; 11:21; Hb 12:25.—Once actually in a contrary-to-fact condition: καλὸν ἦν αὐτῷ εἰ οὐκ ἐγεννήθη Mt 26:24=Mk 14:21=1 Cl 46:8 (B-D-F §428, 2; Rob. 1160; Mlt-Turner 284).

ⓔ in combination w. other negatives, strengthening the negation (Mel. Chor. Adesp., Fgm. no. 11 Diehl² [’42] οὐ μήποτε τὰν ἀρετὰν ἀλλάξομαι ἀντʼ ἀδίκου κέρδεος ‘I shall never exchange virtue for unjust gain’; GrBar 13:3 οὐκ … οὐδέν; Just., D. 26, 1) Mt 22:16; Mk 5:37; Lk 4:2; 23:53 (οὐκ ἦν οὐδεὶς οὔπω); J 6:63; 11:49; 12:19; 15:5; Ac 8:39; 2 Cor 11:9. οὐ μηκέτι (s. μηκέτι fα) Mt 21:19 v.l. For use in questions s. 3 below.

α. On the combination of οὐ and μή s. μή 4.

β. The combining of οὐδέ and οὐ μή to form οὐδʼ οὐ μή instead of οὐδὲ μή is a late development (a barbarism?; B-D-F §431, 3; Rob. 1175; Mlt-Turner 286.—Prayer to the god Socnopaeus: Mitt-Wilck I/2, 122, 2ff εἰ οὐ δίδοταί μοι συμβιῶσαι Ταπεθεῦτι Μαρρείους οὐδʼ οὐ μὴ γένηται ἄλλου γυνή [Rdm.² 211f]; LXX) Mt 24:21. οὐ μή σε ἀνῶ οὐδʼ οὐ μή σε ἐγκαταλίπω Hb 13:5 (Dt 31:6 A, 8 A οὐδ οὐ μή; 1 Ch 28:20 A).—οὐδὲν … οὐ μὴ ἀδικήσει instead of οὐδὲν … μὴ … Lk 10:19. οὐδὲν οὐ μὴ λήψῃ Hm 9:5.

ⓕ w. one of two clauses that are either coordinate or contrasted.

α. οὐ … ἀλλά s. ἀλλά 1ab.—1 Th 2:4 the οὐ w. the ptc. is prob. to be explained under this head (s. 3 above).

β. οὐ …, … δέ Ac 12:9, 14; Hb 4:13, 15.

γ. …, ἀλλʼ οὐ looking back upon a ‘to be sure’ 1 Cor 10:5, 23.

δ. οὐ μόνον, ἀλλὰ (καί) s. μόνος 2c.

ε. οὐ … εἰ μή s. εἰ 6i.

③ marker of expectation of an affirmative answer, not so?

ⓐ to a direct question (Hom. et al.):

α. do … not? does … not? (B-D-F §427, 2; Rob. 917): οὐκ ἀκούεις, πόσα σου καταμαρτυροῦσιν; you hear, do you not …? Mt 27:13. οὐχ ὑμεῖς μᾶλλον διαφέρετε αὐτῶν; 6:26. Cp. vs. 30. ὁ διδάσκαλος ὑμῶν οὐ τελεῖ δίδραχμα; your teacher pays the two-drachma tax, does he not? Mt 17:24.—Mk 6:3; 7:18; 12:24; Lk 11:40; J 4:35; 6:70; 7:25; Ac 9:21 and oft. οὐ μέλει σοι ὅτι ἀπολλύμεθα; does it make no difference to you that we are perishing? Mk 4:38. In a related sense

β. destroying the force of the negation (cp. Hdt. et al.; Schwyzer II 598): Ac 4:20; 1 Cor 12:15 (B-D-F §431, 1; Rob. 1164).—In questions, if the verb itself is already negatived (by οὐ), the negation can be invalidated by the interrogative particle μή (s. μή 3a), which expects the answer ‘no’, so that the stage is set for an affirmative answer (Aesop, Fab. 374 P.=404aH. μὴ οὐκ ἔστι χλόη;=certainly there is grass, is there not?) μὴ οὐκ ἤκουσαν; surely they have heard, have they not? Ro 10:18; cp. vs. 19. μὴ οὐκ ἔχομεν ἐξουσίαν; we have the right, do we not? 1 Cor 9:4; cp. vs. 5. μὴ οἰκίας οὐκ ἔχετε; you have houses, do you not? 11:22.

ⓑ to a question expressed impatiently in the second pers. of the fut. indic. and functioning as an imperative οὐ παύσῃ;=παῦσαι! will you not stop? = stop! Ac 13:10.—DELG. M-M.

οὐ μεν οὖν (so Aristoph., Plu. 870, Ran. 556; 1188; also οὐμενοῦν Paus. 1, 21, 1) adv. (Aristoph., Pla. et al.; incl. Luc., Jupp. Tr. 35 twice.—Kühner=G. II 158) a marker introducing a negative statement in contradiction of discourse that precedes, not at all, by no means (expressing a strong negation to a question) Dg 7:4.

οὐ μή s. μή 4.

γάρ (Hom.+) conj. used to express cause, clarification, or inference. Never comes first in its clause; usu. second, but also third (Hb 11:32), or even fourth (2 Cor 1:19, as e.g. Menand., Epitr. 883 S. [=563 Kö.]; Lucian, Pisc. 10, Philops. 15; s. B-D-F §452; 475, 2; Denniston 56–114; Schwyzer II 560).

① marker of cause or reason, for

ⓐ abs. Mk 1:22; 9:49; Lk 1:15; 21:4; J 2:25; Ac 2:25; Ro 1:9; 1 Cor 11:5 and oft.—It should be noted that γάρ w. a verb (and nothing else) can form a sentence (Demosth. 21, 28 δίδωσι γάρ.; Epicurus in Diog. L. 10, 32 κινεῖ γάρ.; Menand., Sam. 666 S. [=321 Kö.] δεῖ γάρ.; Alexis Com. 286 Kock παύσει γάρ.; Axionicus Com. [IV B.C.] 6, 6 K.: Ael. Aristid. 13 p. 273 D.; Maximus Tyr. 10, 8g δύναται γάρ.; Lucian, Dial. Mort. 3, 3; Synes., Ep. 4 p. 163d ἠνεχυρίαστο γάρ.=for it had been seized as security; Aristaen., Ep. 2, 7; Anna Comn., Alexias 5, 1 vol. I p. 156, 8 R. προπέποτο γάρ.; et al.—Ps.-Demetrius, Form. Ep. p. 12, 2 as conclusion of a letter ὀφείλω γάρ.; Vi. Aesopi G 67 P. as the ending of a story: οὐκ ἔχεις γάρ.=you don’t have any [understanding, common sense]; Polyaenus 3 the introduction ends with the words: πρόδηλον γάρ.—See also CKraeling, JBL 44, 1925, 357f; RRottley, JTS 27, 1926, 407–9; RLightfoot, Locality and Doctrine in the Gosp. ’38, 10ff; CMoule, NTS 2, ’55/56, 58f) ἐφοβοῦντο γάρ. Mk 16:8 (s. φοβέω 1a). Conclusions of this kind at the end of Mk are also found in other lit. (Horapollo 2, 80 οὗτος γάρ; Plotin. V 5, 13, 36f κρείττον γὰρ τὸ ποιοῦν τοῦ ποιούμενου• τελειότερον γάρ. [Pvan der Horst, JTS n.s. 23, ’72, 121–24]).

ⓑ used w. other particles and conjunctions ἰδοὺ γάρ (Jdth 5:23; 9:7; 12:12; 1 Macc 9:45) Lk 1:44, 48; 2:10; 6:23; 17:21; Ac 9:11; 2 Cor 7:11 al.; s. ἰδού 1c. καὶ γάρ (B-D-F §452, 3; B-D-R §452, 3) for (=Lat. etenim, Kühner-G. II 338; s. Chariton 3, 3, 16; 2 Macc 1:19; 4 Macc 1:2; 5:8) Mk 10:45; Lk 22:37; J 4:23; Ac 19:40; 1 Cor 5:7; Hb 5:12; 12:29; Hs 9, 8, 2; for also, for even (B-D-F §452, 3; ZNW 19, 1920, 175f) Mt 8:9; Lk 6:32f; 7:8; 11:4; J 4:45; Ro 11:1; 15:3; 16:2; 2 Cor 2:10. S. FGrosheide, καὶ γάρ in het NT: TSt 33, 1915, 108–10. γὰρ καί for also, for precisely 2 Cor 2:9 (ParJer 7:6 εἰς τοῦτο γὰρ καὶ ἀπεστάλην). τε γάρ for indeed (X., Mem. 1, 1, 3) Ro 1:26; 7:7; Hb 2:11 (s. τέ 2b). μὲν γάρ (3 Macc 2:15f) often followed by δέ, ἀλλά Ac 13:36; 23:8; 28:22; 2 Cor 9:1; 11:4; Hb 7:20; 12:10 (s. μέν 1aα, β); ὅτι μὲν γὰρ … ἀλλά Ac 4:16. καὶ γὰρ οὐ 1 Cor 11:9; οὐ γάρ Mt 10:20; Mk 4:22; 6:52; J 3:17; Ac 2:34; Ro 1:16; 2:11, 13, 28; 4:13; 1 Cor 1:17; 2 Cor 1:8; Gal 4:30 and oft. μὴ γάρ Js 1:7 (TestAbr A 2, 79, 9 [Stone p. 6]; GrBar 6:6). οὐδὲ γάρ Lk 20:36; J 5:22; 7:5; 8:42; Ro 8:7; Gal 1:12 (s. οὐδέ 2). οὔτε γὰρ … οὔτε (Wsd 12:13; Sir 30:19) for neither … nor 1 Th 2:5.

ⓒ γάρ is somet. repeated. It occurs twice either to introduce several arguments for the same assertion, as (Sir 37:13f; 38:1f; Wsd 7:16f) J 8:42; 1 Cor 16:7; 2 Cor 11:19f; or to have one clause confirm the other, as (Jdth 5:23; 7:27; 1 Macc 11:10) Mt 10:19f; Lk 8:29; J 5:21f, 46; Ac 2:15; Ro 6:14; 8:2f; Hv 5:3; or to have various assertions of one and the same sentence confirmed one after the other Mt 3:2f; J 3:19f (cp. Wsd 1:5f; EpJer 6; 7). γάρ also occurs three times (Wsd 9:13–15; 14:27–29) Mt 16:25–27; Lk 9:24–26; Ro 4:13–15; 2 Cor 3:9–11; four times Mk 8:35–38; Ro 1:16–18; even five times 1 Cor 9:15–17.

ⓓ the general is confirmed by the specific Mk 7:10; Lk 12:52; Ro 7:2; 1 Cor 12:8; —the specific by the general Mt 7:8; 13:12; 22:14; Mk 4:22, 25; Ro 2:2 v.l.

ⓔ oft. the thought to be supported is not expressed, but must be supplied fr. the context: (He has truly been born) for we have seen his star Mt 2:2. (Let no one refuse) ὸ̔ς γὰρ ἐὰν θέλῃ Mk 8:35; Lk 9:24. (Let no disciple fail to testify) ὸ̔ς γὰρ ἐὰν ἐπαισχυνθῇ με Mk 8:38. This is common; cp. Ac 13:36; 21:13; 22:26; Ro 8:18; 14:10; 1 Cor 1:18; 5:3; 9:9, 17; 14:9. Sim. w. other particles καὶ γάρ Mt 15:27; 2 Cor 5:2; 13:4; Phil 2:27; 1 Th 3:4; 4:10. καὶ γὰρ οὐ 2 Cor 3:10. μὲν γάρ Ro 2:25; 1 Cor 5:3; 11:7; 2 Cor 9:1; Hb 7:18. οὐ γάρ Mt 9:13; Mk 9:6; Lk 6:43f; Ac 4:20; Ro 8:15; 2 Cor 1:13 (also s. καί 2iα, and μέν 1aα).

ⓕ oft. in questions, where the English idiom leaves the word untransl., adds then, pray, or prefixes what! or why! to the question (Hyperid., Fgm. 219; Ael. Aristid. 47, 27 K.=23 p. 452 D.; TestJob 23:8 τὶ γὰρ μοι ἡ θρίξ … ; Jos., Bell. 1, 589, Ant. 9, 92) ἱνατί γὰρ … κρίνεται for what reason … should be judged 1 Cor 10:29. ποῖον γὰρ κλέος; what credit is there? 1 Pt 2:20. μὴ γὰρ … ἔρχεται; what! Is the Messiah to hail fr. Galilee? J 7:41. μὴ γὰρ οἰκίας οὐκ ἔχετε; what! Have you no houses? 1 Cor 11:22. S. μή 3a.—ποία γὰρ ἡ ζωὴ ὑμῶν; what, pray, is your life? Js 4:14 v.l. πῶς γὰρ ἂν δυναίμην; how in the world can I? Ac 8:31.—Esp. τίς γάρ; τί γάρ; in direct questions: Mt 9:5; 16:26; 23:17, 19 al. τί γὰρ κακὸν ἐποίησεν; why, what crime has he committed? 27:23; sim. Mk 15:14; Lk 23:22. τί γάρ; transitional, well, then Ro 3:3; what does it matter? Phil 1:18.

② marker of clarification, for, you see (Dionys. Hal., De Isocr. p. 542 Raderm.; Lucian, Dial. Mort. 10, 9 p. 373 κοῦφα γὰρ ὄντα; BGU 830, 20 ἐπεὶ γὰρ καὶ γείτων αὐτοῦ εἰμί=since I am also, as you see, his neighbor; Ps.-Demetr. 153 p. 35, 16 R.; Ps.-Callisth. 3, 2, 2 ἐγὼ γάρ=for I) Mt 12:40, 50; 23:3; 24:38; Mk 7:3; Lk 8:40; 9:14; J 3:16; 4:8f; Ro 7:2; Hb 2:8; 3:4; 2 Pt 2:8; AcPlCor 2, 4; 35.—Brief, explanatory parenthetical clauses (En 107:3 μυστηριακῶς γὰρ ἐδήλωσεν αὐτῷ; Diod S 13, 66, 6 ἦν γὰρ ὁ Κλέαρχος χαλεπός) Mt 4:18; Mk 1:16; 2:15; 5:42; 16:4; Ro 7:1; 1 Cor 16:5; Gal. 4:25 v.l. (cp. γὰρ δή 1 Cl 42:5). Akin to explanatory function is the use of γάρ as a narrative marker to express continuation or connection (in later Gk. writers, where more recent users of the texts, not finding the causal force they expect, would often prefer to see it replaced by δέ; unnecessarily, since the grammarian Trypho Alex. [I B.C.], Fgm. 54 ed. AvVelsen 1853 shows clearly that γάρ under certain circumstances εἷς οὖν ἐστὶν ἀντὶ τοῦ δέ=is one and the same thing as δέ). Indeed, in many instances γάρ appears to be used adverbially like our ‘now’ (in which the temporal sense gives way to signal an important point or transition), ‘well, then’, ‘you see’ (e.g. Diod S 20, 35, 1 ‘now’; Iambl., Vi. Pyth. §1; 120; 158; 197 [LDeubner, Bemerkungen z. Text der Vi. Pyth. des Jambl.’35, 30f]; Arrian, Ind. 33, 1 ἀλλὰ ἔπλωον γὰρ … =well, then, they sailed … ; schol. on Od. 4, 22 p. 174, 10 Dind.; ‘moreover’ SIG 1109, 28 [II A.D.]; ‘in the first place’ Jos., Bell. 7, 43, ‘now’ Ant. 1, 68): Ro 1:18; 2:25 (‘indeed’, ‘to be sure’ as Jos., Ant. 11, 8); 4:3, 9; 5:7 (‘but’); 12:3; 14:5; 1 Cor 10:1 (v.l. δέ); 2 Cor 1:12; 10:12; 11:5 (B δέ); Gal 1:11 (v.l. δέ); 5:13; 1 Ti 2:5. Cp. ἡμεῖς γὰρ J 9:28 v.l.—Confirming (Arrian, Ind. 22, 6 ἀλλὰ ἐκπεριπλῶσαι γὰρ … μέγα ἔργον ἐφαίνετο=but to sail seaward seemed indeed a dangerous undertaking; Philo, Leg. All. 3, 192 ἅπασαι μὲν γὰρ … =What has just been stated is apparent from the fact that all …). Especially in replies γάρ confirms what has been asked about (B-D-F §452, 2) yes, indeed; certainly 1 Th 2:20; 1 Cor 9:10.

③ marker of inference, certainly, by all means, so, then. In self-evident conclusions, esp. in exclamations, strong affirmations, etc. (Diogenes the Cynic in Diog. L. 6, 47 παῦσαι γάρ=stop, then) μὴ γὰρ οἰέσθω ὁ ἄνθρωπος ἐκεῖνος not for a moment let such a person think Js 1:7; μὴ γάρ τις ὑμῶν πασχέτω by no means let any of you suffer 1 Pt 4:15; ἀναλογίσασθε γὰρ τὸν … ὑπομεμενηκότα yes indeed, consider him who endured Hb 12:3; οὐ γάρ no, indeed! Ac 16:37 (Aristoph., Nub. 232, Ran. 58; Pla., Rep. 492e; Lucian, Jupp. Conf. 16). In weakened sense it is somet. resumptive, esp. in long periodic sentences: ηὐδόκησαν γάρ they decided, then Ro 15:27. ἐλεύθερος γὰρ ὤν though I am free, then 1 Cor 9:19 (cp. vs. 1). Sim. 2 Cor 5:4. Many questions w. γάρ have both inferential and causal force.—S. τοιγαροῦν.—CBird, Some γάρ Clauses in St Mark’s Gospel: JTS n.s. 4, ’53, 171–87.—DELG. M-M.

Grammatical information: m.

Meaning: `house, dwelling of any kind, room, home, household, native land' (Il.).

Other forms: dial. Ϝοῖκος

Dialectal forms: Myc. woikode \/ woikon-de\/ `home'

Compounds: Very many compp., e.g. οἰκο-νόμος m. `householder, keeper' with - νομέω, - νομία (att.), compoun δ of οἶκον νέμειν, - εσθαι; μέτ-οικος (ion. att.), πεδά-Ϝοικος (Arg.) `living among others, attending, rear vassal'; ἐποίκ-ιον n. `outbuilding, countryhouse, village' (Tab. Heracl., LXX, pap.), hypostasis of ἐπ' οἴκου.

Derivatives: (very short survey). A. Subst. 1. τὰ οἰκία pl. (Il.), sg. τὸ οἰκίον (since LXX) `residence, palace, nest' (cf. Scheller Oxytonierung 30, Schwyzer-Debrunner 43). 2. οἰκία, ion. - ίη f. (posthom.; for hexam. uneasy), Ϝοικία (Cret., Locr.) `house, building' (Scheller 48 f.) with the dimin. οἰκΐδιον n. (Ar., Lys.), οἰκιή-της (ion.), Ϝοικιά-τας m. (Locr., Thess., Arc.) = οἰκέτης (s. 5), οἰκια-κός `belonging to the house, housemate' (pap., Ev. Matt.). 3. Rare dimin. οἰκ-ίσκος m. `little house, little room, bird cage' (D., Ar., inscr.), - άριον n. `little house' (Lys.). 4. οἰκεύς (Il.), Ϝοικεύς (Gort.) m. `housemate, servant' (Bosshardt 32f., Ruijgh L'élém. ach. 107 against Leumann Hom. Wörter 281); f. Ϝοικέα (Gort.). 5. οἰκέ-της (ion. att.), Boeot. Ϝυκέ-τας m. `housemate, servant, domestic slave', f. - τις (Hp., trag.), with - τικός (Pl., Arist., inscr.; Chantraine Études 137 a. 144), - τεία f. `the whole of domestic servants, attendants' (Str., Aristeas, J., inscr.); οἰκετεύω `to be a housemate, to occupy' only E. Alc. 437 (lyr.) and H.; on οἰκέτης, οἰκεύς, οἰκιήτης E. Kretschmer Glotta 18, 75ff.; compound πανοικεσίᾳ adv. `with all οἰκέται, with the whole of attendants' (Att.) -- B. Adj. 6. οἰκεῖος (Att.), οἰκήϊος (ion. since Hes. Op. 457) `belonging to the house, domestic, homely, near' with - ειότης (-ηϊότης), - ειόω (-ηϊόω), from where - είωμα, - είωσις, - ειωτι-κός. 7. οἰκίδιος `id.' (Opp.); κατοικ-ίδιος (: κατ' οἶκον) `indoor' (Hp., Ph.). -- C. Verbs. 8. οἰκεω (Il.), Ϝοικέω (Locr.), very often w. prefix, e.g. ἀπ-, δι-, ἐν-, ἐπ-, κατ-, μετ-, `to house, to reside', also `to be located' (see Leumann Hom. Wörter 194), `to occupy, to manage' with οἴκ-ησις (late also διοίκ-εσις), - ήσιμος, - ημα, - ηματιον, - ηματικός, - ητήρ, - ητήριον, - ήτωρ, - ητής, - ητικός. 9. οἰκίζω, often w. ἀπ-, δι-, κατ-, μετ-, συν- a.ο. `to found, to settle' (since μ 135 ἀπῴκισε; cf. Chantraine Grannn. hom. 1, 145) with οἴκ-ισις, - ισία, - ισμός, - ιστής, - ιστήρ, - ιστικός. -- Adverbs. 10. οἴκο-θεν (Il.), - θι (ep.), - σε (A. D.) beside fixed loc. οἴκ-οι (Il.), - ει (Men.; unoriginal? Schwyzer 549 w. lit.). 11. οἴκα-δε `homeward' (Il., Ϝοίκαδε Delph.), prob. from (Ϝ)οῖκα n. pl. like κέλευθα, κύκλα a. o. (Wackernagel Akzent 14 n. = Kl. Schr. 2, 1082 n. 1; diff. Schwyzer 458 a. 624), - δις (Meg.; Schwyzer 625 w. lit.); besides οἶκόν-δε (ep).

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [1131] *u̯eiḱ-, u̯oiḱ- `house'

Etymology: Old name of the living, the house, identical with Lat. vīcus m. `group of houses, village, quarter', Skt. veśa- m. `hous', esp. `brothel'; IE *u̯óiḱo-s m. Besides in Indo-Ir. and Slav. zero grade and mososyll. Skt. viś- f., acc. viś-am, Av. vīs- f., acc. vīs-ǝm, OPers. viÞ-am `living, house' (OIr. esp. `house of lords, kings'), `community', Slav., e.g. OCS vьsь f. (i-st. second.) `village, field, piece of ground', Russ. vesь `village', IE *u̯iḱ- f. Beside these old nouns Indo-Ir. has a verb meaning `enter, go in, settle', Skt. viśáti, Av. vīsaiti, IE *u̯iḱ-éti. It can be taken as demon. of *u̯iḱ-'house'; so prop. "come in the house, be (as guest) in the house"? To this verb is connected, first as nom. actionis, IE *u̯óiḱo-s, prop. "entering, go inside", concret. `entrance, living'. Beside it as oxytone nom. agentis Skt. veśá- m. `inhabitant', Av. vaēsa- m. `servant', IE *u̯oiḱó-s m. Another nomen actionis is Goth. weihs, gen. weihs-is n. `village', which goes back on IE *u̯éiḱos- n.. -- The formally identical τὰ οἰκία and Skt. veśyà- n. `house, village' are separate innovations (Schindler, BSL 67, 1972, 32). -- More forms w. rich lit. in WP. 1, 231, Pok. 1131, W.-Hofmann and Ernout-Meillet s. vīcus a. vīlla, Vasmer vesь. -- Not here prob. τριχάϊκες, s. v.

Page in Frisk: 2,360-361

κατεσθίω/κατέσθω (Mk 12:40; PGM 5, 279 κατέσθεται; En 103:15; 104:3. S. on ἐσθίω, also B-D-F §101 and Mlt-H. 238 under ἐσθίω) 2 aor. κατέφαγον; fut. καταφάγομαι (J 2:17, s. B-D-F §74, 2; W-S. §13, 6 and 17; Mlt-H. 198. S. also PIand 26, 23 [98 A.D.]; LXX) and κατέδομαι (1 Cl 8:4; LXX) (Hom. et al.; pap, LXX, TestSol, TestAbr, En, Test12Patr, JosAs, Philo; Jos., C. Ap. 1, 261; Just., D. 57, 2; Tat. 10, 2).

① to eat up ravenously, eat up, consume, devour, swallow lit. τὶ someth. (PFlor 150, 6 ἀπὸ τῶν μυῶν κατεσθιόμενα) of birds (SibOr 5, 471) Mt 13:4; Mk 4:4; Lk 8:5 (τὰ πετεινὰ τ. οὐρανοῦ κ. as 3 Km 12:24m; 16:4). σάρκας (cp. Da 7:5) B 10:4. Of animals that are to devour Ignatius IRo 5:2 (cp. Babrius 103, 10 [lion] L-P. [cp. Aesop, Fab. 142 P.]; Gen 37:20, 33; SibOr 5, 470). Of the apocalyptic dragon τὸ τέκνον αὐτῆς devour her child Rv 12:4. A book 10:9f (cp. Ezk 3:1 and BOlsson, ZNW 32, ’33, 90f.—Artem. [of Ephesus] 2, 45 p. 149, 6 speaks of ἐσθίειν βιβλία, experienced in a dream, which is interpreted to mean a quick death). The moth that eats clothing, as a type σὴς καταφάγεται ὑμᾶς B 6:2 (Is 50:9).

② The extension of mng. 1 leads to a multifaceted imagery: devour as if by eating

ⓐ to destroy utterly, destroy (Heraclitus, Ep. 7, 10 τὰ ζῶντα κατεσθίετε. Pass. Diog. L. 6, 5 ‘the jealous ones by their own vileness’) of fire: consume τινά someone (cp. Num 26:10; Job 20:26; Ps 77:63; TestAbr A 10 p. 88, 13 [Stone p. 24] al.; JosAs 25:7) Rv 11:5; 20:9. Of the sword (Jer 2:30; 2 Km 18:8) ὑμᾶς κατέδεται 1 Cl 8:4 (Is 1:20). Of zeal consume (TestSim 4:9; cp. Jos., Ant. 7, 163) J 2:17 (Ps 68:10).

ⓑ to waste: τὸν βίον devour property (cp. Od. 3, 315; Hipponax 39 Diehl; Diog. L. 10, 8, τὴν πατρῴαν οὐσίαν, which was divided among the sons; Aesop., Fab. 169 P.=304 H./249 Ch./179 H-H.; POxy 58, 6; 10 [288 A.D.]; Gen 31:15) Lk 15:30.

ⓒ to rob: τὰς οἰκίας τῶν χηρῶν eat up widows’ houses i.e. appropriate them in an unethical manner (cp. Od. 2, 237f κατέδουσι βιαίως οἶκον Ὀδυσσῆος; Alcaeus, Fgm. 43, 7 D.²; Mnesimachus Com. [IV B.C.], Fgm. 8 πόλιν; Jos., Bell. 4, 242) Mk 12:40; Lk 20:47 (Mt 23:13 v.l.).

ⓓ to engage in spiteful partisan strife: betw. δάκνω and ἀναλίσκω (q.v.), someth. like tear to pieces Gal 5:15 (cp. Philo, Leg. All. 3, 230 the fig. triad κατεσθίει, βιβρώσκει, καταπίνει).

ⓔ to exploit, abs. εἴ τις κ. if anyone devours (you) (i.e. exploits, robs; cp. Ps 13:4; Is 9:12) 2 Cor 11:20.—DELG s.v. ἔδω. M-M.

κατεσθίω/κατέσθω (Mk 12:40; PGM 5, 279 κατέσθεται; En 103:15; 104:3. S. on ἐσθίω, also B-D-F §101 and Mlt-H. 238 under ἐσθίω) 2 aor. κατέφαγον; fut. καταφάγομαι (J 2:17, s. B-D-F §74, 2; W-S. §13, 6 and 17; Mlt-H. 198. S. also PIand 26, 23 [98 A.D.]; LXX) and κατέδομαι (1 Cl 8:4; LXX) (Hom. et al.; pap, LXX, TestSol, TestAbr, En, Test12Patr, JosAs, Philo; Jos., C. Ap. 1, 261; Just., D. 57, 2; Tat. 10, 2).

① to eat up ravenously, eat up, consume, devour, swallow lit. τὶ someth. (PFlor 150, 6 ἀπὸ τῶν μυῶν κατεσθιόμενα) of birds (SibOr 5, 471) Mt 13:4; Mk 4:4; Lk 8:5 (τὰ πετεινὰ τ. οὐρανοῦ κ. as 3 Km 12:24m; 16:4). σάρκας (cp. Da 7:5) B 10:4. Of animals that are to devour Ignatius IRo 5:2 (cp. Babrius 103, 10 [lion] L-P. [cp. Aesop, Fab. 142 P.]; Gen 37:20, 33; SibOr 5, 470). Of the apocalyptic dragon τὸ τέκνον αὐτῆς devour her child Rv 12:4. A book 10:9f (cp. Ezk 3:1 and BOlsson, ZNW 32, ’33, 90f.—Artem. [of Ephesus] 2, 45 p. 149, 6 speaks of ἐσθίειν βιβλία, experienced in a dream, which is interpreted to mean a quick death). The moth that eats clothing, as a type σὴς καταφάγεται ὑμᾶς B 6:2 (Is 50:9).

② The extension of mng. 1 leads to a multifaceted imagery: devour as if by eating

ⓐ to destroy utterly, destroy (Heraclitus, Ep. 7, 10 τὰ ζῶντα κατεσθίετε. Pass. Diog. L. 6, 5 ‘the jealous ones by their own vileness’) of fire: consume τινά someone (cp. Num 26:10; Job 20:26; Ps 77:63; TestAbr A 10 p. 88, 13 [Stone p. 24] al.; JosAs 25:7) Rv 11:5; 20:9. Of the sword (Jer 2:30; 2 Km 18:8) ὑμᾶς κατέδεται 1 Cl 8:4 (Is 1:20). Of zeal consume (TestSim 4:9; cp. Jos., Ant. 7, 163) J 2:17 (Ps 68:10).

ⓑ to waste: τὸν βίον devour property (cp. Od. 3, 315; Hipponax 39 Diehl; Diog. L. 10, 8, τὴν πατρῴαν οὐσίαν, which was divided among the sons; Aesop., Fab. 169 P.=304 H./249 Ch./179 H-H.; POxy 58, 6; 10 [288 A.D.]; Gen 31:15) Lk 15:30.

ⓒ to rob: τὰς οἰκίας τῶν χηρῶν eat up widows’ houses i.e. appropriate them in an unethical manner (cp. Od. 2, 237f κατέδουσι βιαίως οἶκον Ὀδυσσῆος; Alcaeus, Fgm. 43, 7 D.²; Mnesimachus Com. [IV B.C.], Fgm. 8 πόλιν; Jos., Bell. 4, 242) Mk 12:40; Lk 20:47 (Mt 23:13 v.l.).

ⓓ to engage in spiteful partisan strife: betw. δάκνω and ἀναλίσκω (q.v.), someth. like tear to pieces Gal 5:15 (cp. Philo, Leg. All. 3, 230 the fig. triad κατεσθίει, βιβρώσκει, καταπίνει).

ⓔ to exploit, abs. εἴ τις κ. if anyone devours (you) (i.e. exploits, robs; cp. Ps 13:4; Is 9:12) 2 Cor 11:20.—DELG s.v. ἔδω. M-M.

κατακαίω, [dialect] Att. [suff] καταιτι-κάω [pron. full] [ᾱ], [dialect] Ep. inf.

A

κατακαιέμεν Il.7.408

: [tense] fut.

- καύσω Ar.Lys. 1218

: [tense] aor.

κατέκαυσα Th.7.25

; [dialect] Ep. [ per.] 3sg.

κατέκηε Il.6.418

; [ per.] 1pl. subj. κατακήομεν (v.l. -κείομεν) Il.7.333; inf.

κατακῆαι Od.11.46

, κακκῆαι ib.74 (v.l. -κεῖαι): [tense] pf.

- κέκαυκα X.HG6.5.37

, Phld. Acad.Ind.p.69M.:—[voice] Pass., [tense] fut.

- καυθήσομαι Ar.Nu. 1505

,

- καήσομαι 1 Ep.Cor.3.15

: [tense] aor. κατεκαύθην (the [dialect] Att. form) Hdt.4.69, 6.101,

κατεκάην Id.1.51

, 2.107; [dialect] Lacon. inf.

- καῆμεν Plu.Lyc.20

; - εκαύσθην Chron.Lind.D.41: [tense] pf.

- κέκαυμαι And.1.108

:— burn completely, in Hom. of sacrifices and dead bodies,

κατακήομεν αὐτούς Il.7.333

;

μιν κατέκηε σὺν ἔντεσι 6.418

; κ. τοὺς μάντιας burn them alive, Hdt. 4.69;

ζῶντα κατακαυθῆναι Id.1.86

, cf. 2.107; of cities and houses, etc.,

κατὰ μὲν ἔκαυσαν.. πόλιν Id.8.33

;

κατεκαίετο ὁ ἐν Δελφοῖσι νηός Id.1.50

; [ οἰκίη]

κατεκάη Id.4.79

;

κατακαυθέντων ἱρῶν Id.6.101

;

τείχη -κεκαυμένα And.

l.c.; γῆ κατακεκαυμένη burnt earth, Arist. Mete. 358a14; Κατακεκαυμένη, name of the upper valley of the Hermus, in Lydia, Str.13.4.11, cf. κατακεκαυμενίτης; of the fingers, to be burnt with hot food, Porph.Abst.4.15; also

κ. τὴν κοιλίαν PMagd.33.4

(iii B.C.).

2 of hot winds, parch,

τὰ ἐκ τῆς γῆς PHib.1.27.73

(iii B.C.), al.

3 metaph.,

ὁ ἔρως ἐμέ.. κατακέκαυκεν Lyr.Alex.Adesp.8

(c):—[voice] Pass.,

τὰ στόματα -κάεται ἐπὶ τέχνην Anaxandr. 33.6

;

- καίομαι καταλελειμμένη Lyr.Alex.Adesp.1.24

.

II [voice] Pass., of fire, κατὰ πῦρ ἐκάη had burnt down, burnt out, Il.9.212.

ἀργός (A), ή, όν,

A shining, glistening, of a goose, Od.15.161; of a sleek, well-fed ox, Il.23.30; in Hom. mostly in the phrase πόδας ἀργοί, of hounds, swift-footed, because all swift motion causes a kind of glancing or flickering light, 18.578, Od.2.11, etc.;

κύνες ἀργοί Il. 1.50

, 18.283, cf. D.S.4.41, Corn.ND16.

2 white, Arist.Top. 149a7.

II parox. as pr. n., Ἄργος, ὁ, name of a dog, Swift-foot, Od. 17.292: also of the herdsman Argus (i.e. bright-eyed, A.Pr. 567 (lyr.), Supp. 305 ) who was so called from his eyes being ever open and bright. (By dissimilation from Αργρός, cf. Skt. ṛjrá-, = (1) shining, (2) swift, Vedic pr. n. [Rnull ]ji-śvan-, lit. = possessing κύνες ἀργοί.)

------------------------------------

ἀργός (B), όν, later ή, όν Arist.EN 1167a11, Mete. 352a13, Thphr. Lap.27, Ath.Mech.12.11, etc.: ([var] contr. from ἀεργός):—prop.

A not working the ground, Hdt.5.6; idle, lazy, opp. ἐργάτις, S.Ph.97, cf. Ar. Nu.53, etc.;

γαστέρες ἀ. Epimenid.1

;

ἀ. ἐπιθυμίαι Pl.R. 572e

; ἀ. τὴν διάνοιαν ib. 458a;

τὸ πρὸς ἅπαν ξυνετὸν ἐπὶ πᾶν ἀ. Th.3.82

; ἂν ἀ. ᾖ if he have no trade, Antiph.123.3;

πότερον ἀνθρώπου οὐδέν ἐστιν [ἔργον] ἀλλ' ἀργὸν πέφυκεν; Arist.EN 1097b30

: c. gen. rei, idle at a thing, free from it, τῶν οἴκοθεν from domestic toils, E.IA 1000;

πόνων σφοδρῶν Pl.Lg. 835d

; γυναῖκας ἀργοὺς ταλασίας ib. 806a; ἀ. αἰσχρῶν slow to evil, A.Th. 411;

ἀργότεραι ἐς τὸ δρᾶν τι Th.7.67

;

ἀ. περί τι Pl.Lg. 966d

.

2 of things,

δόρυ E.Ph. 1387

; of money, lying idle, yielding no return, opp. ἐνεργός, D.27.7 and 20; of land, lying fallow, Isoc.4.132, X.Cyr.3.2.19, Thphr.HP9.12.2; opp. πεφυτευμένος, IG7.2226B (Thisbe, iii A.D.);

διατριβὴ ἀ.

in which nothing is done, fruitless,

Ar. Ra. 1498

(lyr.), Isoc.4.44;

χρόνον ἀργὸν διάγειν Plu.Cor.31

. Adv.

ἀργῶς, ἐπιμέλεσθαι X.Mem.2.4.7

;

ἔχειν D.6.3

: [comp] Comp. and [comp] Sup. ἀργότερον, -ότατα, X.Oec.15.6 and 1.

b ἀ. λόγος, name of a sophism, Chrysipp.Stoic.2.277, cf.Plu.2.574e.

II [voice] Pass.,unwrought, ἁρμός, κυμάτιον, IG1.322b23,59;

πυροὶ ἀ.

unprepared for eating,

Hp.VM13

;

ἄργυρος Paus.3.12.3

; βύρσαι undressed hides, Ath.Mech. l.c.; unpolished, Thphr.Lap.27.

2 not done, left undone,

κοὐκ ἦν ἔτ' οὐδὲν ἀ. S.OC 1605

;

ἓν δ' ἐστὶν ἡμῖν ἀ. E.Ph. 766

; οὐκ ἐν ἀργοῖς not among things neglected, S.OT 287;

τὰ μὲν προβέβηκεν ἀμήχανόν ἐστι γενέσθαι ἀργά Thgn.584

.

3 unattempted,

μάχη Pl.Euthd. 272a

.

4 Astrol., τόπος ἀ., name of the 8t h of the 12 'houses', Ptol.Tetr. 128, Paul.Al.M.4;

πλανήτης Plot.2.3.3

;

ζῴδιον S.E.M.5.15

.

φραγμός, οῦ, ὁ (φράσσω; Soph., Hdt.+; BGU 1119, 32 [5 B.C.]; POxy 580; LXX, Philo)

① a structure for enclosing an area, fence, hedge, lit. (Theocr. 5, 108 the fence around the vineyard) περιέθηκεν φραγμόν (Is 5:2) Mk 12:1; w. dat. of the piece of ground enclosed Mt 21:33. ἄμπελος ἐν φραγμῷ τινι καταλειφθεῖσα a vine that stands forsaken somewhere along the fence Hs 9, 26, 4. Vagabonds and beggars frequent the hedges and fences around houses Lk 14:23.

② a wall that separates, partition, fig. ext. of 1, of the law, which separates circumcised from uncircumcised, Israelites from non-Israelites, and arouses enmity betw. them τὸ μεσότοιχον τοῦ φραγμοῦ Eph 2:14 (s. μεσότοιχον and PFeine, Eph 2:14–16: StKr 72, 1899, 540–74; comm.).—DELG s.v. φράσσω. M-M.

κώμη, ης, ἡ (Hes., Hdt.+; ins, pap, LXX; TestSol 5:12 H; TestJob; TestNapht 1:11; Philo, Joseph., Apolog.)

① a relatively small community with a group of houses, village, small town, with (and in contrast to [cp. Manetho: 609 Fgm. 10, 247 Jac.; Diod S 1, 31, 7; Dio Chrys. 3, 38; 23 (40), 22; Herodian 3, 6, 9; EpArist 113; Jos., Bell. 4, 241, Vi. 235; 237]) πόλις (TestJob 9:5) Mt 9:35; 10:11; Lk 8:1; 13:22. (A πόλις ordinarily is walled, whereas a κ. is an open settlement, Schürer II 188.) W. ἀγρός Mk 6:36; Lk 9:12. W. πόλις and ἀγρός Mk 6:56. In the pl., used w. the gen. of a larger district, to denote the villages located within it (s. Num 21:32; 32:42 and oft. in LXX) Mk 8:27. Mentioned by name: Bethany (near the Mt. of Olives) J 11:1, 30. Bethsaida Mk 8:23, 26; Bethlehem J 7:42. Emmaus Lk 24:13, 28.—Also Mt 14:15; 21:2; Mk 6:6; 11:2; Lk 5:17; 9:6, 52, 56; 10:38; 17:12; 19:30; Ac 21:16 D.

② the inhabitants of a village, fig. Ac 8:25.—B. 1310. DELG. M-M. TW.